Full Width 
Shortcuts 
Sign Up 
Log In 
Articles 
Reading List More from diamond geezer
In December 2023 I decided to start an alphabetical quest at my local library, sequentially reading one work of fiction by an author from A to Z. I wanted to read books by classic authors I'd not properly read before and to nudge myself out of my usual literary oeuvre. Yesterday I finally finished book number 26, and it went so well I'm now wondering whether I should go round again. a) Margaret Atwood: I plumped for a compilation of short stories, but should probably have picked one of her more obvious novels instead. b) Iain Banks: About halfway through The Crow Road I decided I didn't have to finish all 26 books, so back to the library it went. c) Agatha Christie: A compendium of Poirot short stories repeatedly confirmed the great lady's devious readability. d) Roddy Doyle: It's perhaps too early to be enjoying pandemic fiction, so I did not enjoy Life Without Children. e) Bret Easton Ellis: American Psycho was a graphic account of backstabbing after hours in Manhattan, well worthy of a warning sticker. f) E.M. Forster: ...whereas Howards End was a more privileged softer world, another country. g) Graham Greene: I did The Human Factor for O Level, but Our Man in Havana is a better period piece. h) Ernest Hemingway: Short stories again, so short that the book contained 49 of them. i) Christopher Isherwood: I picked A Single Man because it had been a film I'd never seen, and now I think I probably should have. j) PD James: I picked The Children of Men because again I've never seen it, and now I think I definitely should have. k) Hanif Kureishi: I wonder if all authors start writing more about old age and frailty as they get older. l) Penelope Lively: Moon Tiger was the first time I picked a Booker winner, and by the end I could see why it had won. m) Ian McEwan: Premature ejaculation and longshore drift fatefully combined, that's On Chesil Beach. n) V.S. Naipaul: In A Free State was my second Booker winner, an intriguing window into another culture and another time. o) Ben Okri: The best I can say is that I think I picked one of his most-dashed-off books. p) Edgar Allan Poe: The entire whodunnit genre plainly has its roots in The Murder In The Rue Morgue (1841). q) Anthony Quinn: There aren't enough books about life in the Callaghan era, so London, Burning was a welcome read. r) Philip Roth: I wouldn't have picked up Everyman if I'd realised it was solid musings on death and mortality. s) Zadie Smith: the NW postcode fizzed to life, so I should tackle Zadie's White Teeth next. t) Colm Tóibín: I picked the thinnest Tóibín on the shelf, and it felt more like showing off than a story. u) John Updike: It was about time I met Rabbit Angstrom and the drab entrapment of the postwar Rust Belt. v) Gore Vidal: Blimey, The City And The Pillar was daring for 1948, a landmark in repressed queer fiction. w) Evelyn Waugh: I thought Scoop was a classic about journalism, but it's actually a classic about Empire. x) Douglas Coupland: Thanks for your recommendation, Alan. Generation X proved that even recent decades are ancient history. y) Richard Yates: From a limited set of Ys I picked eleven illuminating tales of ennui in postwar America. z) Emile Zola: And finally to France for another batch of 19th century short stories, the best of which involved wartime mill destruction.
Yesterday was the second busiest day ever on this blog. In particular it was down to asking a really good question. Where is London's most central sheep? Two online portals proved highly amenable to sending visitors my way. One was Reddit, the social news aggregation community, and the other was Hacker News which has a more technology/software-based focus. In each case a blogreader submitted my article to the portal and in each case a swoosh of upvotes fired it up the main list. It didn't remain high on the list for long, these things always fall back, but a few hours of prominence meant a substantial audience came to read what I'd written. In Reddit's case it was members of the r/London community, generally local, but with Hacker News the pile-on was substantially more global. Hence the fifteen thousand visitors. "Diamond Geezer: Griping at length about TfL's handling of the 347 withdrawal" got only 275 views and no comments, whereas "Where is London's most central sheep?" hit the jackpot. It's also worth saying that the link was to my original incorrect post, not to my subsequent apology, so thousands of people now have an entirely incorrect understanding of London's most central sheep. In this case it's not an important distinction, but this is how disinformation spreads. Reddit most of the subsequent conversation was about where London's most central sheep might be. People suggested "Mudchute farm?", "Vauxhall farm?", "Hackney farm?" proving they hadn't read what I'd written, only responded to the title. Others responded with non-living sheep, for example "Lamb and Flag, Covent Garden", "Shepherd and Sheep Statue in Paternoster Square" or "probably a Kofta in a restaurant" because they weren't playing by my rules because they hadn't read them. This is the way with so much online discourse, a fervent debate about a headline rather than a nuanced discussion based on the actuality of the situation. Hacker News was longer and a lot more varied, spiralling off on all kinds of tangents. One of these, obviously, was where exactly the centre of London is, especially from people who didn't realise there's a long-standing location. Another was where the most central rabbit/cat/bear might be, not just sheep, not just in London. But the most interesting tangent regarded the significance of how far you have to travel from a city centre to find yourself in the country. "When my wife and I lived in Bristol we developed a metric designed to measure how enjoyable a city was to live in that we called "time to sheep". Basically it's a measure of how long you have to travel from the center of the city before you're in the English countryside surrounded by sheep and the best cities have a low (but not too low) "time to sheep" metric. It helped explain one of the reasons we loved living in Bristol so much when we had such a hard time living in London." This attracted responses from around the world... London's quite good for being able to reach the countryside easily, as opposed to just a park or city farm. Technically the most central finger of Green Belt creeps down the Lea Valley to end at Tottenham Hale, although if you want proper unbroken fields and woodland you have to go a bit further. Step out of stations in Stanmore, Cockfosters, Chingford, Bexley or Coulsdon and the onward countryside never stops, although I think the most central/rural interface is in Mill Hill, eight miles out. It's mostly horses round there though, not sheep. The top five days on diamond geezer 1) What are the History Trees in the Olympic Park? [28 May 2022] 2) Where is London's most central sheep? [23 Jan 2025] 3) 901 people voting differently could have changed the outcome of the General Election [13 May 2015] 4) Where are London's pylons? [26 Oct 2022] 5) You can now walk underground from Liverpool Street to Farringdon [27 May 2022]
It's time to revisit one of London's great answered questions. Where is London's most central sheep? It is not, sorry. Please accept my sheepish apology. list of City Farms held by the London City Farms & Community Gardens Association would be comprehensive and thus include the location of London's most central sheep, but it did not. It's an easy mistake to make. closed. Alas sheep are tiny creatures so could be holed up anywhere across six square miles, and indeed they were. Oasis Farm Waterloo, a half-acre strip of former wasteland opposite St Thomas's Hospital. The farm's been there since 2014 offering its natural resources to support the community, a joint venture between Oasis Hub Waterloo and Jamie's Farm. Crucially they describe themselves as an urban farm not a city farm so they're not on the London City Farms & Community Gardens Association shortlist, so I didn't notice. And they appear to have sheep. homepage features a photo of a sheep so it's a fair bet they've got one. If you go to Waterloo, which I now have, you'll see they also use a sheep on their promotional materials suggesting it's at the top of their animal hierarchy. But you can't go in and have a look, they don't take walk-ins, only pre-booked groups and very occasional public events, the last of which was cancelled. at least two, suggesting these are London's most central sheep and not those in Vauxhall. Where is London's most central sheep? But they might have been goats. Their heads were hidden so it was hard to be 100% sure what kind of cloven animal they were. The Oasis Farm Instagram feed has a number of photos of sheep but also some of goats so it is possible I saw the wrong animal. Their website also says "our farm animals rotate from Jamie's Farm in Wiltshire", suggesting they're not always here, and also that "we usually have a ewe with her lambs", which before lambing season may mean they currently don't. Alas this isn't cut and dried. Where is London's most central sheep? This is my new definitive answer, unless I've missed something you haven't told me about. Battersea Park Children's Zoo and they have five sheep according to their website, and distance-wise they'd be the third closest flock. 0.8 miles Oasis Farm Waterloo: currently at least two animals that might be sheep 1.4 miles Vauxhall City Farm: I counted seven sheep 2.2 miles Battersea Park Children's Zoo: seemingly five sheep 2.8 miles Spitalfields City Farm: ten sheep It turns out I wasted my time going to Spitalfields City Farm because they definitely don't have any of the top ten most central sheep. It also turns out pretty much everything I stated in yesterday's post about the centrality of sheep was incorrect, for which I apologise. Normally when readers kindly point out things I've overlooked I can slightly rewrite it, but in this case the whole thing was so wrong it's essentially unrescuable. 1) Don't state something as fact when you haven't researched it fully. 2) Remember that when you do state something because you believe it's fact, it could be based on incomplete information. 3) If you're not 100% sure about something, best introduce at least some element of doubt. 4) Don't trust everything you read just because somebody you trust presented it as fact. We all like to think we're right and very often we're not. We don't always have all the facts to hand, even if we think we do. This applies just as much to you as to me. But yesterday it applied very much to me, sorry.
It's time to tackle one of London's great unanswered questions. Where is London's most central sheep? I don't believe Charles III keeps sheep at Buckingham Palace, nor has anybody else nearby got a large enough back garden. London Zoo's website does not reveal the existence of any sheep - at best llamas. Also none of the armed forces based in London have a regimental sheep, the UK's sole ovine mascot being a ram called Pte Derby XXXIII owned by the Mercian Regiment in Lichfield. So, city farms it is. Where is London's most central city farm? Vauxhall City Farm which is just over a mile south of Trafalgar Square. It's been here on the edge of the Pleasure Gardens since 1976 so is one of London's oldest city farms and receives over 60,000 visitors a year. Some of its residents live out front in wooden pens but they're not sheep, they're goats as any self-respecting three year old could tell you. The entrance is off to the left past an outdoor desk staffed by cheery volunteers who'll grin, sell you feed and encourage you to make a donation. The City Farm is 50 next year so has an anniversary appeal underway, should you have part of £250,000 to spare. For the sheep turn right. Where is London's most central sheep? Shetland, a hardy breed with a good-natured temperament, so ideal for pottering around with toddlers in a confined space. There were many such underage visitors during my visit, all overexcited to be right up close to a sheep's head nuzzling through railings. Crossing the divide into the yard itself is more of a paid-for activity, or if you're a volunteer just part and parcel of your dung-sweeping duties. Alas I don't know what this sheep's name is, the City Farm isn't as keen as some in pinning biographical details to the railings, but there is no closer sheep to Trafalgar Square so she is London's most central sheep. Where is London's second most central sheep? alpacas called Rolo, Toffee and Cookie. I suspect sometimes Daffy hops up the steps to the top platform and surveys her domain like a woolly empress. She is thus not always the second most central sheep in the capital, sometimes she's first depending on the precise location of the other sheep. Where is London's third most central sheep? Where is London's fifth most central sheep? Where is London's sixth most central sheep? Where is London's eighth most central sheep? Where is London's second most central city farm? Spitalfields. It took some working out to confirm that this was the second closest to Trafalgar Square, I had to make myself a map using the extremely helpful list of London's city farms at londonfarmsandgardens.org.uk. They reckon there are twelve city farms in London but I reckon one of those is just over the border in Essex so it's eleven. The map's interesting because eight of the city farms form a near straight line running diagonally from Kentish Town through Hackney and Mudchute to the foot of Shooters Hill, but I think that's a coincidence. Spitalfields City Farm is on the site of a former railway depot and was also born in the 1970s, but is less cramped, easier to walk round and less pungent. Where is London's eighth most central sheep? Beatrix, another Herdwick ewe, here at Spitalfields City Farm. Their information game is strong so I know she used to graze on the North Downs in Surrey but lost an ear in a dog attack when she was young and moved here in August 2020. Her enclosure is a much better size, with scattered wood and the inevitable spare tyre, even room for gambolling. Don't expect to get close enough for feeding but that's fine because feeding's not permitted here anyway. Where is London's ninth most central sheep? Castlemilk Moorits, a rare breed with brownish wool originally from Scotland. They're 37% Shetland, 28% Soay, 18% Manx and 17% Wiltshire Horn and all descended from a single ram on Sir Jock Buchanan-Jardine's estate, apparently. The information board also confirms there are nine of them here altogether with names like Twiglet, Lavender, Samphire and Rolo. Rolo is occasionally London's seventeenth most central sheep when he stands over by the polytunnels. London's most central donkeys are two pens away, one of whom is called Derek, but that's another story.
More in travel
Quite often all you need to know about a restaurant is the smell that greets you as you walk through the door. The smoke and fat of a busy ocakbaşı, The burned onions and masala spices that cling to your clothes after an evening at Tayyabs, the intoxicating mix of funky aged steak and charred lobster shell that fill the upper dining rooms of the Devonshire, these are all indicators enough that you're in for a good time even before you see a menu. amazing, the kind of smell that gets you immediately vowing to order whichever the menu items are responsible for it (hint: it's the lamb skewers) and let anything else be a side order. So let's start with those skewers, which are, needless to say, an absolute must-order. Expertly grilled with touches of salty crunch on the extremities but beautifully tender inside, they come resting on fluffy flatbread to soak up any escaping juices, and two little mounds of spice (don't ask me what they were) for dipping. At £3.95 each they weren't quite the same budget as Silk Road v1, but in terms of form and flavour they were right up there. Spicy chicken was indeed commendably spicy, consisting of ugly-cute chunks of soft potato and bone-in chicken (I hope I don't create some kind of international incident by noting that Chinese 'butchery' seems to consist of hacking at a carcass with a machete with your eyes closed) soaked in a deep, rich, heavily five-spiced and chillified sauce. Add to this ribbons of thick, home made belt noodles which had a lovely bouncy, tacky texture, and you have an absolute classic northern Chinese dish. Manti (advertised with a 20min wait but which speeds by if you're distracted by fresh lamb skewers and belt chicken) were also fabulous things, soft but robust and packed full of minced meat ("usually lamb" the menu rather noncommittedly states) and with an addictive vinegar-chilli dip. But quite unexpectedly given the otherwise quite meaty focus of the menu (I'm not sure I'd bring a vegetarian here), Tarim have quite a way with salads, too. This is lampung, in which giant sticks of wobbly beancurd are topped with pickled carrots, beansprouts and chilli, all soaked in a very wonderful vinegar-soy dressing. I can honestly say I've never had anything like this before, and anywhere that can surprise a jaded diner like me with a new type of salad deserves all the praise it can get. The bill, for two people, came to just over £42, which although not rock-bottom basement pricing still seems fair given the quality of the food and the area of town (about 5 min walk from Holborn tube). I have noticed the pricing at a lot of Chinese places in Holborn/Bloomsbury creeping up over the past few years - nobody is exempt from food inflation after all - so this is just perhaps the New Normal that we all have to get used to. Instead of spending £12 on your hot lunch, it's now more like £20. Still not bad, though. Gosh Nan (fried stuffed flatbread) and perhaps most intriguingly the Uyghur Polo, a rice dish which looks like it comes with some kind of offal. And you know how I love my offal. A charming and exciting ambassador for Xinjiang food, think of Tarim Uyghur as the Silk Road of Central London, a comparison I hope they take as the huge compliment that it's intended to be. Why should Camberwell get all the fun, anyway? 8/10
It's time to tackle one of London's great unanswered questions. Where is London's most central sheep? I don't believe Charles III keeps sheep at Buckingham Palace, nor has anybody else nearby got a large enough back garden. London Zoo's website does not reveal the existence of any sheep - at best llamas. Also none of the armed forces based in London have a regimental sheep, the UK's sole ovine mascot being a ram called Pte Derby XXXIII owned by the Mercian Regiment in Lichfield. So, city farms it is. Where is London's most central city farm? Vauxhall City Farm which is just over a mile south of Trafalgar Square. It's been here on the edge of the Pleasure Gardens since 1976 so is one of London's oldest city farms and receives over 60,000 visitors a year. Some of its residents live out front in wooden pens but they're not sheep, they're goats as any self-respecting three year old could tell you. The entrance is off to the left past an outdoor desk staffed by cheery volunteers who'll grin, sell you feed and encourage you to make a donation. The City Farm is 50 next year so has an anniversary appeal underway, should you have part of £250,000 to spare. For the sheep turn right. Where is London's most central sheep? Shetland, a hardy breed with a good-natured temperament, so ideal for pottering around with toddlers in a confined space. There were many such underage visitors during my visit, all overexcited to be right up close to a sheep's head nuzzling through railings. Crossing the divide into the yard itself is more of a paid-for activity, or if you're a volunteer just part and parcel of your dung-sweeping duties. Alas I don't know what this sheep's name is, the City Farm isn't as keen as some in pinning biographical details to the railings, but there is no closer sheep to Trafalgar Square so she is London's most central sheep. Where is London's second most central sheep? alpacas called Rolo, Toffee and Cookie. I suspect sometimes Daffy hops up the steps to the top platform and surveys her domain like a woolly empress. She is thus not always the second most central sheep in the capital, sometimes she's first depending on the precise location of the other sheep. Where is London's third most central sheep? Where is London's fifth most central sheep? Where is London's sixth most central sheep? Where is London's eighth most central sheep? Where is London's second most central city farm? Spitalfields. It took some working out to confirm that this was the second closest to Trafalgar Square, I had to make myself a map using the extremely helpful list of London's city farms at londonfarmsandgardens.org.uk. They reckon there are twelve city farms in London but I reckon one of those is just over the border in Essex so it's eleven. The map's interesting because eight of the city farms form a near straight line running diagonally from Kentish Town through Hackney and Mudchute to the foot of Shooters Hill, but I think that's a coincidence. Spitalfields City Farm is on the site of a former railway depot and was also born in the 1970s, but is less cramped, easier to walk round and less pungent. Where is London's eighth most central sheep? Beatrix, another Herdwick ewe, here at Spitalfields City Farm. Their information game is strong so I know she used to graze on the North Downs in Surrey but lost an ear in a dog attack when she was young and moved here in August 2020. Her enclosure is a much better size, with scattered wood and the inevitable spare tyre, even room for gambolling. Don't expect to get close enough for feeding but that's fine because feeding's not permitted here anyway. Where is London's ninth most central sheep? Castlemilk Moorits, a rare breed with brownish wool originally from Scotland. They're 37% Shetland, 28% Soay, 18% Manx and 17% Wiltshire Horn and all descended from a single ram on Sir Jock Buchanan-Jardine's estate, apparently. The information board also confirms there are nine of them here altogether with names like Twiglet, Lavender, Samphire and Rolo. Rolo is occasionally London's seventeenth most central sheep when he stands over by the polytunnels. London's most central donkeys are two pens away, one of whom is called Derek, but that's another story.
Hove is a very acceptable place to spend a day. I was last in the area when visiting the Urchin, a seafood-specialist gastropub and microbrewery (I bet there aren't too many of them around) which made the (pretty easy actually) journey down from Battersea more than worth my while. Since then, I've discovered that we paid way too much for our train tickets (apparently we should have gone Thameslink, not Southern) and also that etch by Steven Edwards has opened, thus giving me another great excuse to travel. This time on a much cheaper train. The fact that Hove is so well connected to the capital city has a couple of main effects. Firstly, it means etch's catchment area is a few million or so people who can make it there and back for lunch (or dinner I suppose if you don't mind getting back too late) in a very sensible amount of time. And secondly, it means that the astonishing £55 they charge at etch for 7 exquisitely constructed courses (or another £28 for 9) is even more mind-blowing for day-trippers from the big smoke as it is for lucky locals. We shall start at the beginning. Amuses - in fact extras of any kind - are more than you've any right to expect on a £55 menu but these dainty little things, one a Lord of the Hundreds biscuit topped with cream cheese and chive, the other a mushroom and truffle affair shot through with pickle, were an excellent introduction to the way etch goes about things. Beautiful inside and out, generous of flavour and a delight to eat, from this point we knew we were in safe hands. Cute little glazed buns formed the bread course alongside seaweed butter. Perhaps the idea was for these to accompany the next couple or so courses, but I'm afraid because they were so addictive they disappeared way before anything else arrived. Still, no regrets. "Soup of the day" was a bit of a misnomer as this consisted of two courses that arrived as a pair. One a gorgeously rich and fluffy winter vegetable soup - chervil and cauliflower with some irresistible chunks of roasted cauliflower hiding underneath and topped with toasted pine nuts - and a couple of beef tartare tartlets on the side (tartartlets?) to provide a nice companion to the soup. I'm not 100% sure if the tartare was just a blogger's bonus or if they really did come with the soup as standard, but I'm going to give them the benefit of the doubt and assume they do - I'm sure someone will correct me if I'm wrong. Oh, and it was all paired with a Retsina, which was a touch of genius. Halibut could have perhaps been taken off the heat a minute or two earlier but I'm only really saying this out of a dearth of anything else to complain about. It was still clearly a very good fish, with a bright white flesh and nicely bronzed skin, and the parsnip underneath made a remarkably good pairing as well as being nicely seasonal. The crunchy, seaweed-y, noodle-y bits on tops were fun to eat, too. Of all the dishes, perhaps the crisp hen's egg made the least to write home about. It was perfectly nice, with some good texture provided by croutons and cubes of pickled veg, but the egg itself was...well, an egg yolk in breadcrumbs, decent enough but compared to everything else a bit familiar. Although having said that, I'm very aware I do have slightly more likelihood of getting 'familiar' with tasting menu classics than some people, and there's every chance this could be someone else's favourite course. Such is life's rich tapestry. Scallop next, a good sweet specimen that had been given a nice firm crust, then sliced and shot through with pumpkin. It's in restaurants like these where you don't have to worry about waiting until the more abundant seasons begin before committing to a meal out - their skill is such that the dishes will be equally exciting and imaginative at every time of the year. My own personal heaven was embodied in the next course, though, and I'm sorry to be so predictable but there's nothing I can do about that. Beef arrived brilliantly charred from the grill but beautifully tender inside, both as a neat medallion of fillet and - joy of joys - a slice of ox heart with a texture equally dazzling as the fillet but with an extra note of funky offal. Next to it, a little finger of celeriac and a cluster of enoji mushrooms which soaked up a glossy, beefy sauce that made the whole trip worthwhile on its own. I would have paid £55 just for this dish, then gone home happy, it was that good. More was to come though - firstly a gently flametorched (can you gently flametorch anything? I can't think of any other way of describing it sorry) piece of Tunworth, with a red grape sorbet and bit of pickled endive. After having moaned for years about places trying to gussy-up the traditional cheese course by piling things on top or heating things up (I still have a bit of a problem with baked Camembert) I've realised that with a bit of sensitivity, applying (gentle) heat to a cheese is just a way of presenting its charms in a slightly different way. Think of when a sushi master briefly torches a nigiri before presentation. And finally dessert, beetroot mousse topped with apple sorbet and with a little red hat of beetroot crisp on top. Colourful and cleverly presented, like a kind of miniature Miro sculpture, it was a lovely coda to the meal, which had ended with the same technical ability and attention to detail as it had begun. But look, enough hand-wringing. You will know by know if this is the kind of food you like to eat, and whether you think £55 (or more realistically £120-£150 ish if you have matching wine and supplemental courses) is the right amount to pay for it. All I can tell you is that this is the kind of food I like to eat, and Steven Edwards and the team at etch are exactly the people I want to bring it to me. And I would have no hesitation in going back to Hove later in the year, paying in full and seeing what other delights the seasons bring. This is a place worth revisiting. I was invited to etch and didn't see a bill. As above, expect to pay between £55-£155 +service depending on what time of day you go, how many courses you choose and what you drink.
Earlier this week I spotted this 40 year-old poster at Leytonstone station. It's an original from January 1985, unexpectedly uncovered. come loose in the bottom left hand corner and half a dozen even older posters were lurking underneath. Travelcards only allowed travel on the Underground and buses, but the more expensive Capitalcard allowed travel on British Rail services too. You can see an example of a Capitalcard here. They remained in use until 1989 when Travelcards gained BR validity and the Capitalcard brand was phased out. fare-related posters might be in the stack, before and after... 1900: Pay the clerk at the ticket office window, there's a good chap 1913: Please be patient while we locate the correct paper ticket from our rack 1932: Let our new automated ticket machines speed you on your way 1947: Riding the Underground is cheaper than half a pound of brisket 1955: Your Central line journey now costs a ha'penny more 1968: Yellow flat fare tickets are fair for all 1971: Use your new pennies to take a ride to Bank 1981: Fare zones make travel cheaper and more flexible 1982: Your fare has doubled, sorry, blame Bromley 1983: The new Travelcard means more convenience and less queueing 1985: The power of London's Bus, Rail and underground services from just one card 1988: Don't be afraid, stick your ticket in the electronic gate 1995: You should absolutely definitely buy a One Day Travelcard 2003: Embrace the future, get your Oyster card today 2005: Daily capping is a proper gamechanger innit? 2010: Oh go on, we'll let you use Oyster on rail services now 2014: Why not go contactless, but avoid card clash at all costs! 2015: Are you still using Oyster? Loser 2023: Please stop buying One Day Travelcards, we hate them now 2025: Just swipe your device and let us worry about how much it costs
