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TheCollector

TheCollector
How the Métis Thrived on the Canadian Prairies Canada was built by men and women of mixed ancestry, men and women who were métis, that is, of...
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Canada was built by men and women of mixed ancestry, men and women who were métis, that is, of “mixed heritage.” However, not all métis (lowercase) can be considered Métis (spelled with the uppercase “M”). Today it is widely accepted that only individuals with Cree and...
TheCollector
The Story of Jeremiah, the Weeping Prophet Who Suffered for His People Jeremiah is the “weeping prophet” who suffered much anguish because of his people’s sins. He saw...
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Jeremiah is the “weeping prophet” who suffered much anguish because of his people’s sins. He saw first-hand how a good king who worked toward reforming his nation was followed by sons opposed to God’s warnings. He dedicated his life to ministering to the people of Judah and...
TheCollector
The Ancient Egyptian Mastabas Were the Forebearers of the Pyramids Before the ancient Egyptians built pyramids to house their god-kings for eternity, they built less...
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Before the ancient Egyptians built pyramids to house their god-kings for eternity, they built less enduring and less aesthetically pleasing tomb structures known as mastabas. Taken from the modern Arabic word for “bench,” mastabas were flat, raised mud-brick structures that...
TheCollector
The Genius and Controversy That Was Richard Wagner Few composers in history have had as widespread and controversial an influence as Richard Wagner....
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Few composers in history have had as widespread and controversial an influence as Richard Wagner. Eventually celebrated as the genius behind the music and libretti of works whose impact spread beyond the opera world to inspire poets and painters, Wagner struggled for many years...
TheCollector
What Are the Mayan Codices? The Mayan Codices are four prehispanic books written before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors....
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The Mayan Codices are four prehispanic books written before the arrival of Spanish conquistadors. The volumes were created by professional scribes using paper made of the inner bark of a fig tree. With no formal titles, three of the four codices have been named after the cities...
TheCollector
How Long Did the Black Plague Last? The Black Plague is one of the most devastating pandemics the world has ever experienced. A common...
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The Black Plague is one of the most devastating pandemics the world has ever experienced. A common question about the scourge is how long it lasted. The answer, however, is not simple as the plague did not have a clean start and end date. This was because it was not one single...
TheCollector
Magic and Sorcery in Colonial Latin America Witchcraft has existed in almost every culture throughout time. Due to the great mixing of customs...
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Witchcraft has existed in almost every culture throughout time. Due to the great mixing of customs in Latin America during the colonial period, a new form of witchcraft, or brujería, was born, blending the traditions of European, Native American, and African cultures. Accusations...
TheCollector
9 Revelations From Viking Runes The Vikings were not prolific writers. They have left behind no written historical treatises,...
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The Vikings were not prolific writers. They have left behind no written historical treatises, religious texts, or even administrative documents. The Norse sagas and mythologies were written down in the post-Viking age, when the spread of Christianity saw Latin script adapted to...
TheCollector
Was King Arthur Really a Northern Prince Named Arthwys ap Mar? The investigation into the historicity of King Arthur often involves trying to identify him with...
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The investigation into the historicity of King Arthur often involves trying to identify him with figures who are better attested in the historical record, suggesting that these figures at least partially inspired the stories about the legendary king. One theory identifies Arthur...
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Kublai Khan’s Reign & Achievements That Shaped a Continent Kublai Khan is arguably the second-most famous name in the history of the Mongol Empire, just behind...
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Kublai Khan is arguably the second-most famous name in the history of the Mongol Empire, just behind that of his grandfather, Genghis Khan. Kublai Khan’s reign oversaw huge changes in the structure and running of the Mongol Empire, and arguably the biggest change of all was the...
TheCollector
The Incredible Finds From Caral-Supe, Americas’ Oldest Civilization The ancient city of Caral-Supe in modern-day Peru is the oldest known civilization in the Americas....
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The ancient city of Caral-Supe in modern-day Peru is the oldest known civilization in the Americas. Its discovery has dramatically reshaped the understanding of early societies, with highly refined engineering skills and environmental adaptability that enabled the city to thrive...
TheCollector
Was the Duke of Wellington a Womanizer? Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington, has gone down in history not only as a capable...
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Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington, has gone down in history not only as a capable politician and exceptional military leader but also as a coveted lover and notorious womanizer.   There is no question about it. Wellington possessed everything needed to attract the...
TheCollector
How Did Christianity Spread in England? The history of England is strongly intertwined with that of Christianity. The religion has...
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The history of England is strongly intertwined with that of Christianity. The religion has influenced a lot of the nation’s customs including the nation’s architectural and artistic designs. That said, Christianity hasn’t always brought harmony to the country. In fact, the...
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7 Interesting Facts to Know About the Mona Lisa The Mona Lisa is probably the most famous painting in the world. Painted in the 16th century by...
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The Mona Lisa is probably the most famous painting in the world. Painted in the 16th century by Leonardo da Vinci, it has an amazing history. Her smile has left a lasting impression on lovers of art and beauty throughout the ages. The Mona Lisa draws thousands of visitors a year...
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11 Works Featuring Van Gogh’s Favorite Sunflowers Van Gogh’s Sunflowers are some of his most famous and recognizable works, but many people don’t...
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Van Gogh’s Sunflowers are some of his most famous and recognizable works, but many people don’t realize they belong to a sizable series of paintings. From 1887 to 1889, Dutch post-impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) created 11 still-life paintings of sunflowers...
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How the Nazis Won Over the Establishment in the Weimar Republic The National Socialist movement acquired an air of respectability through their collaboration with...
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The National Socialist movement acquired an air of respectability through their collaboration with the established elites of right-wing politics. This was a situation of give and take. If the right-wing Establishment was to work with the Nazis, they had to be reassured that the...
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Did Belly Dancers Dance for Alexander the Great? Belly dancing, often hailed as one of humanity’s oldest movement techniques, is a curious blend of...
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Belly dancing, often hailed as one of humanity’s oldest movement techniques, is a curious blend of tradition and mystery. Its roots stretch across continents and millennia, tracing whispers of fertility rites meant to prepare a pregnant woman’s body for labor, gypsy migrations...
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Why Did the Vikings Begin Invading England? The start of Viking raids in England, and the start of the Viking Age more generally, is usually...
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The start of Viking raids in England, and the start of the Viking Age more generally, is usually dated to 793 CE when the Vikings sacked the holy island of Lindisfarne. This initiated centuries of raiding, followed by invading, with Vikings claiming English territory and creating...
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Medes, the Ancient People Who Took Down the Assyrian Empire The ancient Medes are one of the least understood and most often overlooked people of the ancient...
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The ancient Medes are one of the least understood and most often overlooked people of the ancient Near East. In the 7th century BCE, the Medes helped conquer the Assyrian Empire on their way to establishing a powerful kingdom in ancient Iran and played a major role in the...
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6 Key Artists of the New Objectivity Movement The New Objectivity movement (or Neue Sachlichkeit in German) sought to portray a raw, unfiltered...
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The New Objectivity movement (or Neue Sachlichkeit in German) sought to portray a raw, unfiltered reality amidst the social chaos of the era. Artists rejected idealism, focusing instead on precise, often stark depictions of modern society. Themes ranged from urbanization and...
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The Father of Existentialism: Who Was Søren Kierkegaard? Known as the father of existentialism, Kierkegaard has planted the seeds that allowed existential...
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Known as the father of existentialism, Kierkegaard has planted the seeds that allowed existential philosophy to flourish and influence generations of great thinkers. Coming from a Christian theological background, he was a philosopher, social critic, and poet. Despite leading a...
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The Unconventional Marriage That Defined the Book of Hosea The Book of Hosea is the first of the Minor Prophets listed in the Bible. Hosea prophesied during...
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The Book of Hosea is the first of the Minor Prophets listed in the Bible. Hosea prophesied during the last years of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. When he started his ministry, the kingdom prospered and his prophecies of a fall were unpopular and seemed unlikely.   God...
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Who Were the Knights of the Round Table? (Arthurian Legends) The Arthurian legends tell us that King Arthur was supported in his rulership by an alliance of...
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The Arthurian legends tell us that King Arthur was supported in his rulership by an alliance of knights known as the Knights of the Round Table, referring to a special table constructed at Camelot that was designed to give every knight an equal place. The number of Knights of the...
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How the Toltecs Influenced Mesoamerican History Tula, or Tollan, was the city where the Toltec civilization was born. Beginning as two cities in...
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Tula, or Tollan, was the city where the Toltec civilization was born. Beginning as two cities in succession, it grew to become an empire that inspired countless Aztec myths. The Aztecs claimed to have descended from the people of Tula and mimicked their architecture while...
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What Was the Council of Trent? (History & Legacy) On December 13, 1545, around 30 bishops and other religious representatives gathered in the...
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On December 13, 1545, around 30 bishops and other religious representatives gathered in the Cathedral of St. Vigilius in Trent, a town in northern Italy. It was the first session of the Council of Trent, the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Summoned by Pope Paul...
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A Beginner’s Guide to Gothic Literature Gothic literature is a popular and enduring genre. The influence in today’s culture can be seen in...
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Gothic literature is a popular and enduring genre. The influence in today’s culture can be seen in the popularity of horror, ghost stories and vampire romances. However, the original writers of Gothic literature drew their inspiration from an eclectic range of sources. The...
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How Chinese Porcelain Became a Symbol of Power and Taste For over a thousand years, Chinese porcelain has been admired for its unique beauty. However, it has...
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For over a thousand years, Chinese porcelain has been admired for its unique beauty. However, it has a deep history that transcends just utilitarian and decorative purposes. At one point in history, the white gold, as it was once called, symbolized power and an exotic taste. Its...
TheCollector
10 Vincent van Gogh Paintings You Should Know Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) is today a globally renowned artist, but his lifetime was marked by...
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Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) is today a globally renowned artist, but his lifetime was marked by profound struggles and limited recognition. Amidst immense personal adversities—from health issues to a tumultuous relationship with a fellow artist—Van Gogh proved extraordinarily...
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The Legendary Knight Sir Galahad Who Found the Holy Grail In the Arthurian legends, many of King Arthur’s knights undertake a quest to try to find the Holy...
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In the Arthurian legends, many of King Arthur’s knights undertake a quest to try to find the Holy Grail. Due to how special the grail was, it could not be acquired by just anyone. Of all of King Arthur’s knights, Sir Galahad was exceptionally virtuous. He was even viewed as the...
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Sol Invictus’ Cult in the Roman Empire (Origins, Beliefs, & Facts) Sun worship was particularly important to the early Romans, who were mostly an agrarian society....
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Sun worship was particularly important to the early Romans, who were mostly an agrarian society. There is evidence of a cult of Sol among the Romans from the mid-Republican Period onward. However, it was a minor cult, and during the early Roman Empire, it fell into obscurity. As...
TheCollector
Was the Pax Romana Really Peaceful? The “Pax Romana,” or “Roman Peace,” was a roughly 200-year period between 27 BCE and 180 CE. During...
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The “Pax Romana,” or “Roman Peace,” was a roughly 200-year period between 27 BCE and 180 CE. During this time, the Roman Empire enjoyed relative internal peace when compared with the years of civil war that preceded it and the struggles between imperial claimants that followed....
TheCollector
5 Invasions That Shaped Russian History Throughout its over one thousand-year history, Russia has been invaded numerous times, some more...
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Throughout its over one thousand-year history, Russia has been invaded numerous times, some more famous than others. In fact, the development of the modern Russian state is inexorably linked with these various invasions, both successes and failures. From the widely successful...
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The First Roman Coin: Early Roman Coinage & the Bronze Standard For centuries, the Roman coinage was based on a silver standard. It was dominated by the silver...
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For centuries, the Roman coinage was based on a silver standard. It was dominated by the silver denarius, which was first introduced in 211 BCE. However, before the Punic Wars and the capture of Iberia (Spain), Romans did not have access to large amounts of silver. Because of...
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5 Medieval Battles That Changed the Course of History Some major battles of the medieval period became world-shaking events for their time. Two, like the...
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Some major battles of the medieval period became world-shaking events for their time. Two, like the Battles of Hastings, or Crécy, later showed how each altered the status quo. The other three (Tours, Ain Jalut, and Constantinople) represented a complete checkmate for one side,...
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The Incredible Story of the (Real) Last Samurai and the Satsuma Rebellion In The Last Samurai (2003), a group of 19th-century Japanese warriors rebel against the government...
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In The Last Samurai (2003), a group of 19th-century Japanese warriors rebel against the government because it abandoned the katana in favor of guns. In the end, the last of the samurai perished during the Battle of Shiroyama, pitching blades against bullets in a last-ditch...
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8 Dreamlike Paintings by Henri Rousseau The French artist Henri Rousseau spent most of his life working as a customs officer before...
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The French artist Henri Rousseau spent most of his life working as a customs officer before embarking on an extraordinary art career in his forties. Despite his lack of formal training, his unique vision captivated and profoundly influenced the most progressive young artists of...
TheCollector
11 Epic Battles That Changed the Course of History It would be easy to chart the history of civilization through a timeline of its wars. Most great...
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It would be easy to chart the history of civilization through a timeline of its wars. Most great kingdoms and empires were built and destroyed through conquest, from the very first classical records to the present day. Therefore, compiling a list of epic battles that shaped...
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Is Artificial Intelligence Impossible? Aristotle & Aquinas on AI Aristotle’s basic argument was that human beings could abstract, universalize, and freely choose....
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Aristotle’s basic argument was that human beings could abstract, universalize, and freely choose. This is impossible for mere matter. Therefore, a part of human nature is not found in matter. In other words, the soul is at least in part immaterial. Aquinas, heavily influenced by...
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The Viking Kings of England: Sweyn Forkbeard, Cnut the Great, and Their Heirs The Vikings mercilessly raided England in the 8th century, ruthlessly took land for themselves in...
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The Vikings mercilessly raided England in the 8th century, ruthlessly took land for themselves in the 9th century, and systematically extorted Danegeld from the locals in the 10th century. Nevertheless, in the early part of the 11th century, Viking kings were recognized as the...
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How King Arthur Proved His Right to Rule The incident of the Sword in the Stone is one of the most famous stories in the Arthurian legends....
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The incident of the Sword in the Stone is one of the most famous stories in the Arthurian legends. This account tells how Arthur was accepted as the rightful king of the Britons. Arthur proved his right to rule by withdrawing a special sword that had been stuck in a stone. The...
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Are There Hierarchies of Angels and Demons in the Bible? Biblical angels are heavenly messengers who appear on earth in humanlike form. Demons, on the other...
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Biblical angels are heavenly messengers who appear on earth in humanlike form. Demons, on the other hand, generally do not take any physical form in biblical narratives. Spiritual creatures that are labelled or associated with the demonic are only pictured using analogies or in...
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The Gods of the Myceneans: Linear B & the Origins of Greek Gods Linear B, the Mycenaean writing system, was long considered indecipherable. However, in the 1950s,...
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Linear B, the Mycenaean writing system, was long considered indecipherable. However, in the 1950s, it was proposed that the script was an early form of Greek. Correct in their hypothesis, linguists have now translated thousands of Linear B tablets. Though the Mycenaeans seem only...
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Charles V, the King Who Turned the Tide of the 100 Years’ War Charles V of France, also known as Charles the Wise, ruled France from 1364 until his death in 1380....
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Charles V of France, also known as Charles the Wise, ruled France from 1364 until his death in 1380. Few kings in French history have been as respected as Charles, and he is often seen as one of the strongest monarchs the country ever produced. The most famous aspect of his reign...
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The Tudor Midwives, Women Who Held Royal Lives & Secrets in Their Hands When it came to power in Tudor England, most women were shut out or, for the noble women, sidelined....
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When it came to power in Tudor England, most women were shut out or, for the noble women, sidelined. They couldn’t sit on councils, hold office, or even legally own property. Yet, there existed one room where they reigned—quite literally—with blood on their hands. That room was...
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Guns vs. Slingshots? The Indigenous Weaponry That Fought the Conquistadors When Europeans first arrived in the Americas, their guns, horses, and, perhaps most importantly,...
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When Europeans first arrived in the Americas, their guns, horses, and, perhaps most importantly, diseases, made relatively quick work of conquering native populations. But while Indigenous weaponry was ultimately not a match for the steels and gunpowder of the Conquistadors, the...
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5 Must-Know Minds of Greek Philosophy Mankind has always asked questions about the world, existence, life and death. However, it was in...
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Mankind has always asked questions about the world, existence, life and death. However, it was in Ancient Greece that the systematic and rational approach to knowledge known as philosophy was born. What was, up until that point in history, mixed with myths and superstitions, now...
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What Happened After Alexander the Great’s Death? In June 323 BCE, Alexander the Great died at the young age of 32 while at his palace in Babylon,...
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In June 323 BCE, Alexander the Great died at the young age of 32 while at his palace in Babylon, likely from an illness. However, it’s not clear what exactly led to his death. He had, in just over 10 years, built one of the largest empires the world had ever seen. Dubbed Macedon,...
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How the 10 Plagues Humiliated Egypt’s Gods According to the Bible, Egypt had enslaved God’s chosen people for over 400 years. When God ordered...
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According to the Bible, Egypt had enslaved God’s chosen people for over 400 years. When God ordered Moses to petition the pharaoh for the release of the Hebrews, he warned the prophet about the difficulty of the task, “But I know that the King of Egypt will not let you go unless...
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The Innovative Methods That Allowed the Mongols to Create a Vast Empire During the 13th century, the Mongols stormed onto the world stage to create one of the largest...
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During the 13th century, the Mongols stormed onto the world stage to create one of the largest empires the world had ever seen. Despite their reputation for barbarity, the way they approached both warfare and governance was highly calculated and organized. The Mongols fostered a...
TheCollector
The Most Important Emperors of the Mughal Empire The Mughals were a Muslim empire that expanded from the modern regions of north Afghanistan to...
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The Mughals were a Muslim empire that expanded from the modern regions of north Afghanistan to Bangladesh at its height in the 17th century. They were tolerant towards other cultures and religions, spoke Persian in their court system, and were one of the wealthiest empires in the...
TheCollector
King Arthur’s Forgotten Battle of Llongborth In the Arthurian legends, King Arthur famously fought 12 battles against the Anglo-Saxons,...
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In the Arthurian legends, King Arthur famously fought 12 battles against the Anglo-Saxons, culminating in the historically important Battle of Badon. Years later, he fought against his nephew, Mordred, at the tragic Battle of Camlann. However, there are some obscure references to...
TheCollector
What Were Hieronymus Bosch’s Early Influences? (Training and Inspirations) The art of the mysterious Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch provoked a centuries-long obsession with...
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The art of the mysterious Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch provoked a centuries-long obsession with its strange symbolism and unusual form. Not much is known about Bosch’s early years, and for that reason, the media is filled with all sorts of speculations. However, art historians...
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How Did the Black Death Spread? The Black Death, was a destructive 14th century plague that affected people in Europe, Asia, and...
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The Black Death, was a destructive 14th century plague that affected people in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It killed millions and caused great changes to societies. Reports suggest that the malady killed between 30 and 60 percent of Europe’s population, leading to a social...
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Understanding Modern Art in 6 Artworks Many of the world’s most famous artists—like Claude Monet, Salvador Dali, and Pablo Picasso—fall...
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Many of the world’s most famous artists—like Claude Monet, Salvador Dali, and Pablo Picasso—fall under the umbrella of Modernism, even though their styles vary widely. So, how exactly do we define the Modernist era? Modern art is defined by its rejection of traditional academic...
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The Monetary Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine That Stabilized Roman Coinage During the Crisis of the Third Century (235–284), Roman coinage suffered from a heavy debasement...
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During the Crisis of the Third Century (235–284), Roman coinage suffered from a heavy debasement that completely shattered the Roman monetary system. Some emperors, such as Aurelian (270–275), tried to improve the situation by implementing monetary reforms. However, it was only...
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What Do Hieronymus Bosch’s Paintings Tell Us About the Great Artist? Hieronymus Bosch’s mysterious personality and artistic mind have fascinated both art historians and...
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Hieronymus Bosch’s mysterious personality and artistic mind have fascinated both art historians and the public for centuries. There are almost no documentary sources left about the famous artist. For that reason, researchers have to rely on the evidence of Bosch’s surroundings...
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Decoding Hieronymus Bosch’s Vision in the Garden of Earthly Delights The Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymus Bosch remains a complex riddle that is next to...
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The Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymus Bosch remains a complex riddle that is next to impossible to solve. The three-panel work includes images of Heaven and Hell, as well as strange portrayals of human sin. Bosch was a deeply religious and god-fearing man who reflected his...
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A Brief History of Censorship (Since the Ancient World) Language is power, and the ultimate expression of this power is to control what can and cannot be...
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Language is power, and the ultimate expression of this power is to control what can and cannot be said. From the beginning of organized society, those in power have sought to control the words spoken by their citizens and subjects. Whether this was done for moral, political,...
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The Surprising Origin of Your Bible’s Chapter Numbers When characters in the Bible reference other Biblical books, they never reference chapters and...
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When characters in the Bible reference other Biblical books, they never reference chapters and verses. That is because the Bible did not have chapters until the 1200s and verses until the 1500s. Various factors played a role in the need for chapters and verses, one of which was...
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Where Did the Most Feared Gangs of the Wild West Emerge? One enduring phenomenon from the Wild West is its notorious gangs. The gangs appeared after the...
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One enduring phenomenon from the Wild West is its notorious gangs. The gangs appeared after the American Civil War, surfacing in hotspots like Missouri, Texas, and Arizona. These outlaws seldom stayed put but traveled far to hold up banks, stagecoaches, or raid trains.   The...
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The Hidden Killer That Destroyed Napoleon’s Grand Army in 1812 What really doomed Napoleon’s Grand Army in Russia? For over 200 years, the story has been told as a...
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What really doomed Napoleon’s Grand Army in Russia? For over 200 years, the story has been told as a tale of “General Winter” freezing Europe’s mightiest army into defeat.   In June 1812, Napoleon’s Grand Army, numbering between 450,000 and 600,000 troops, poured across the Neman...
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Did the Celts Have a Sense of Shared Identity? The Celts were one of the most popular peoples of ancient Europe. In the 4th century BCE, the Greek...
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The Celts were one of the most popular peoples of ancient Europe. In the 4th century BCE, the Greek historian Ephorus summed up the world by saying that the Scythians lived to the north, the Indians lived to the east, the Ethiopians lived to the south, and the Celts lived to the...
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How Puerto Rico Went From a Conquistador’s Playground to US Territory Once populated by peaceful Indigenous tribes descended from South America’s Arawaks, the island now...
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Once populated by peaceful Indigenous tribes descended from South America’s Arawaks, the island now called Puerto Rico was first stumbled upon by Christopher Columbus’s men during his second voyage to the “New World” in 1493. Within a decade, Spain had established its first...
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Puerto Rico’s Deadly Hurricane of 1899 Is Still Haunting the Island As the 19th century drew to a close, the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico was poised to reject the...
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As the 19th century drew to a close, the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico was poised to reject the exploitative system it had existed under for more than three centuries. Sentiment in favor of independence as well as an incipient labor movement had begun to take shape. The...
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Answering 7 Questions About King Arthur’s Camelot (Arthurian Mythology) Arthurian legends are some of the most popular stories from British history, recounting the life of...
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Arthurian legends are some of the most popular stories from British history, recounting the life of the heroic Brittonic King Arthur, who fought against the invading Anglo-Saxons while creating a utopian kingdom based on merit and chivalry. The stories are full of mystery and...
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What Made Basil II One of Byzantium’s Greatest Emperors? Basil II ruled the Byzantine Empire for almost half a century between 976 and 1025 CE. As a military...
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Basil II ruled the Byzantine Empire for almost half a century between 976 and 1025 CE. As a military leader, he broke the power of the First Bulgarian Empire and expanded his frontiers to Georgia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia. As a political reformer, he centralized power and...
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7 Renaissance Paintings That Reveal the Secrets of a Changing World More than an artistic movement, the Renaissance was a revolution in how people understood the world...
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More than an artistic movement, the Renaissance was a revolution in how people understood the world and their place in it. Some of the era’s most telling insights happen to be hidden in its most famous paintings. From Italy to Northern Europe, the seven works below reveal seven...
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Can You REALLY Know Anything? A Philosophical Adventure into Skepticism Skepticism is the royal gateway to philosophy. If we take what we already know for granted, there...
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Skepticism is the royal gateway to philosophy. If we take what we already know for granted, there would be no room for inquiry, curiosity, or intellectual wonder. Skepticism is an act of iconoclasm towards the pillars upon which our current knowledge stands, but what happens if...
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How Loneliness Inspired Beautiful Art and Profound Philosophies Loneliness is a feeling we all know: heavy, quiet, hard to escape sometimes. But what if this is not...
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Loneliness is a feeling we all know: heavy, quiet, hard to escape sometimes. But what if this is not a burden, but a means for creativity? History has captured great art, music, and literature inspired by loneliness. From the star-filled sky of Van Gogh to Mary Shelley’s...
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The Long History and Complicated Legacy of the Ottoman Empire Few empires in history have grown as large or lasted as long as the Ottoman Empire. It was founded...
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Few empires in history have grown as large or lasted as long as the Ottoman Empire. It was founded in the medieval era and only disappeared in the first decades of the 20th century (Quataert, 2005, 3). Ottoman history is, in many ways, marked by contradictions. It was a Sunni...
TheCollector
The Murder That Nearly Toppled Mussolini On August 16, 1924, the battered body of the Italian Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti was found...
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On August 16, 1924, the battered body of the Italian Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti was found buried in a wood on the outskirts of Rome. He had been missing since June 10, when a group of fascists assaulted and kidnapped him. At the end of May, Giacomo Matteotti, an early...
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Who Wrote the First Encyclopedia? If there was a true symbol of the Enlightenment Era, it has to be the Encyclopedia, or A Systematic...
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If there was a true symbol of the Enlightenment Era, it has to be the Encyclopedia, or A Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts. Its main goal was to inform its readers of educational topics, from mathematics and chemistry to history, art, and philosophy. When we...
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Aristotle’s Four Causes That Explain the Why and How of Existence Have you ever wanted to know why things are how they are, not just what they are? Aristotle’s Four...
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Have you ever wanted to know why things are how they are, not just what they are? Aristotle’s Four Causes can help. These ancient principles of explanation still influence us today in how we do science or even just think about daily stuff. In this piece, we’ll examine each Cause...
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What Modern Concepts Were Invented in Ancient Athens? The Athenians are credited with coming up with a wide variety of concepts that are practiced in the...
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The Athenians are credited with coming up with a wide variety of concepts that are practiced in the modern world. They range from democracy to theatre and literature. Actually, many of the foundational rules that govern most countries today were written in Athens. For many years,...
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How Joan of Arc Helped Charles VII Win the Hundred Years’ War Throughout French history, few heroines have been admired as much as Joan of Arc. This teenage girl...
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Throughout French history, few heroines have been admired as much as Joan of Arc. This teenage girl etched her way into French history thanks to her divine mission; she had been told by God to reclaim French territory from the English. Whatever the actual reasoning for the...
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Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves: “I Like Her Not” The annulled marriage of King Henry VIII to Anne of Cleves has become known as the marriage that...
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The annulled marriage of King Henry VIII to Anne of Cleves has become known as the marriage that ended because Anne was too ugly for Henry. But this narrative glosses over the true circumstances of a politically motivated marriage, which was successful in some ways despite its...
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How Augustus’s Golden Heirs Met a Tragic Fate Augustus infamously had a difficult time securing an heir. Each man he chose died before his time...
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Augustus infamously had a difficult time securing an heir. Each man he chose died before his time until the old emperor had to “settle” for his stepson Tiberius. Augustus’s favorite heirs seem to have been his grandsons Lucius and Gaius Caesar, whom he groomed from infancy, but...
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Why Nathan Bedford Forrest Remains One of America’s Most Divisive Figures Nathan Bedford Forrest is one of the most controversial figures from the Civil War Era. He was a...
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Nathan Bedford Forrest is one of the most controversial figures from the Civil War Era. He was a self-made millionaire who made a fortune from the slave trade. During the war, he earned a reputation as an aggressive and successful cavalry commander. However, his actions before...
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The Doctrine of Ahimsa (Non-violence) in Jainism Non-violence, or ahimsa, gained global prominence with Indian freedom fighter Mahatma Gandhi. He...
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Non-violence, or ahimsa, gained global prominence with Indian freedom fighter Mahatma Gandhi. He employed it in his struggle against colonialists. However, Jains had been advocating for ahimsa for centuries. The religion believes in loving every animistic form, be it animals,...
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The Story of Robin Hood in the Middle Ages As far as English folk tales, myths, and legends go, few figures have held as much sway in the...
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As far as English folk tales, myths, and legends go, few figures have held as much sway in the imagination as Robin Hood. The tale of a figure who stole from the rich and gave to the poor has captured the hearts of many over the centuries and has been told and re-told, time […]
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How Did Arthur Schopenhauer Become Known as the Philosopher of Pessimism? Arthur Schopenhauer was a prominent German philosopher during the 19th century. Known as the...
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Arthur Schopenhauer was a prominent German philosopher during the 19th century. Known as the philosopher of pessimism, he distinguished himself from post-Kantian philosophers with his unique take on idealism, free will, and human nature. Adherents of his philosophy believe that...
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Why Caesar’s Battle of Alesia Is Still a Military Masterclass In 52 BCE, Julius Caesar’s army was vastly outnumbered and trapped between two massive Gallic forces...
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In 52 BCE, Julius Caesar’s army was vastly outnumbered and trapped between two massive Gallic forces at the city of Alesia. How did Caesar manage to turn the tide against overwhelming odds? Read on to discover how his Roman army conquered Gaul (modern-day France) and set a new...
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The Mythology Behind Avatar and the Sacred Planet Trope In 2009, James Cameron’s Avatar was released in theaters around the world and garnered critical...
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In 2009, James Cameron’s Avatar was released in theaters around the world and garnered critical acclaim as one of the most successful movies of all time. It introduced us to the world of Pandora, a mystical and sacred place, and a symbol of life itself. The visual spectacle was...
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How Ancient Writing Was Developed for Use in Religion & Magic Why did human cultures develop systems of writing? Was it for purely pragmatic reasons, to keep...
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Why did human cultures develop systems of writing? Was it for purely pragmatic reasons, to keep track of things like taxes and sales? On the contrary, in many cases, writing systems were developed to record religious beliefs and practices, and then found applications in more...
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9 Historical Sites & Towns You Cannot Miss in Romania Romania is Europe’s 12th largest and 6th most populous country. The region, which features the...
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Romania is Europe’s 12th largest and 6th most populous country. The region, which features the Carpathian Mountains and Danube River, has been settled since the Lower Paleolithic. Over the centuries, Romania was part of the Roman, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires. Between...
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Edom’s Fall & God’s Restoration Plan in the Book of Obadiah The Book of Obadiah is the shortest of the Minor Prophets, consisting of 670 words in Hebrew and 613...
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The Book of Obadiah is the shortest of the Minor Prophets, consisting of 670 words in Hebrew and 613 words in the King James Version. It has common ground with the books of Jeremiah and Ezekiel, declaring judgment against Edom. Obadiah focuses on Edom’s gloating about the...
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What Were the Aboriginal Nations of Pre-Contact Tasmania, Australia? In September 1803, when Aboriginal Tasmanians first encountered British colonists and Tasmania was...
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In September 1803, when Aboriginal Tasmanians first encountered British colonists and Tasmania was still known as Trouwunna, Aboriginal society was organized into nine separate nations. The term “nation” was first used in 1875 by colonial ethnographer G.A. Robinson (1791-1866),...
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Hector of Troy, Troy’s Greatest Hero Hector, the firstborn prince of Troy, is celebrated as the greatest of the Trojan heroes in Homer’s...
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Hector, the firstborn prince of Troy, is celebrated as the greatest of the Trojan heroes in Homer’s Iliad. He is admired for his exceptional skills as both a warrior and a military strategist. For nearly a decade, Hector successfully led the Trojans in their efforts to resist the...
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Where Did Native Americans Originate From? The Native American story began some 15,000-plus years ago. Using a now-submerged Arctic land...
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The Native American story began some 15,000-plus years ago. Using a now-submerged Arctic land bridge, they crossed from Siberia to Alaska. The land bridge, now known as Beringia, emerged during a period of low sea levels during the last Ice Age. Connecting North America and Asia,...
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The Rich and Fascinating History of the Song Dynasty Of all the mighty Chinese dynasties—from the Shang to the Tang and the Ming to the Qing, few have...
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Of all the mighty Chinese dynasties—from the Shang to the Tang and the Ming to the Qing, few have rivaled the power and cultural impact of the Song. For over 300 years, the Song Dynasty ruled medieval China, overseeing huge expansion efforts and foreign policy changes before...
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Chimera, the Three-Headed Fire-Breathing Monster of Greek Mythology The three-headed Chimera is one of the most distinctive monsters in Greek mythology. It has the...
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The three-headed Chimera is one of the most distinctive monsters in Greek mythology. It has the front parts of a lion, the torso of a she-goat, and the hindquarters of a draconic serpent, with a snake for a tail. This patchwork monster devastated the land and was thought...
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The Great Greek Revolt Against Macedonia After Alexander’s Death More than a decade after Greek freedom was said to have died at the hands of the Macedonians at the...
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More than a decade after Greek freedom was said to have died at the hands of the Macedonians at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE), a new Greek alliance challenged Macedonian dominance. A Greek revolt was triggered by events shortly before Alexander the Great’s death in 323 BCE,...
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10 Must-See Historic Sites in South America South America may not be the oldest inhabited continent (that’s Africa), but it is arguably the most...
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South America may not be the oldest inhabited continent (that’s Africa), but it is arguably the most rewarding for history lovers. It was home to advanced civilizations like the Inca, Tiwanaku, and Nazca, who left behind a spectacular array of ruins, artifacts, and even entire...
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Where Are Montezuma’s Aztec Descendants Now? Montezuma II, also known as Moctezuma Xocoyotzin, ruled the Aztec Empire when the Spanish...
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Montezuma II, also known as Moctezuma Xocoyotzin, ruled the Aztec Empire when the Spanish conquistadors arrived. It was not only his power that intrigued the conquistadors, but also the fact that, according to some chroniclers, he had produced over 100 children. These children...
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How Many People Died From the Black Plague? The Black Plague, also referred to as the Black Death, stands as one of the deadliest pandemics ever...
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The Black Plague, also referred to as the Black Death, stands as one of the deadliest pandemics ever recorded in history. It started to spread in Europe and Asia in the mid-14th century and killed millions of people before it finally subsided. Because medieval records are...
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Was King Arthur Based on the Roman Officer Lucius Artorius Castus? One of many modern theories about the origin of the legends of King Arthur is that they can be...
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One of many modern theories about the origin of the legends of King Arthur is that they can be traced back to the activities of a Roman officer in Britain. His name was Lucius Artorius Castus. He lived long before the traditional Arthurian period, but some theorists argue that he...
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How the Women of the Gothic Revival Inspired Christina Rossetti’s Poetry Beginning with Horace Walpole’s 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, literature and architecture began...
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Beginning with Horace Walpole’s 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, literature and architecture began to develop a unique relationship in Great Britain. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, British authors wrote poetry, novels, and short stories that evoked the mystery and drama...
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5 Sufi Orders That Changed the World Sufism began as an ascetic and mystical movement in the early centuries of Islam. However, over the...
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Sufism began as an ascetic and mystical movement in the early centuries of Islam. However, over the centuries, the movement developed into an intricate system of philosophy, ethics, and practices that Muslims could follow to experience the fullest depth of the Prophet Muhammad’s...
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What Happened to Troy After the Trojan War? Archaeological & Mythical Evidence The city of Troy is most famous today for being at the center of the Trojan War. Its dramatic...
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The city of Troy is most famous today for being at the center of the Trojan War. Its dramatic defeat, brought about by the deception of the Trojan Horse, reportedly led to its utter destruction. For many researchers, this story can ultimately be linked to the destruction of Troy...
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Did China Really Outlast Every Other Civilization? China’s claim to over 5,000 years of continuous civilization raises a powerful question. With...
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China’s claim to over 5,000 years of continuous civilization raises a powerful question. With ancient empires like Egypt and Mesopotamia now gone, is China the world’s longest-lasting civilization? Read on to explore the concept of civilizational continuity and whether China’s...
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How the Pazzi Family Conspired to Overthrow the Medicis On April 26, 1478, during the Holy Easter Sunday Mass in the cathedral of Florence, a group of...
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On April 26, 1478, during the Holy Easter Sunday Mass in the cathedral of Florence, a group of conspirators led by the Pazzi family murdered Giuliano de Medici and wounded his older brother Lorenzo. Known as the Pazzi Conspiracy, the assassination was the first step in a coup...
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10 Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci You Should Know The oeuvre of the fascinating Renaissance polymath Leonardo da Vinci is full of controversies and...
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The oeuvre of the fascinating Renaissance polymath Leonardo da Vinci is full of controversies and inconsistencies. The famous artist left only a small number of painted works, each of which is disputed by art historians. Read on to learn more about Leonardo da Vinci’s famous...
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How Did Hadrian’s Wall Shape British History? The Roman Empire stretched throughout Europe, expanding into the British Isles and establishing a...
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The Roman Empire stretched throughout Europe, expanding into the British Isles and establishing a significant presence that helped bring civilization to England and Scotland and greatly influenced their history.  One emperor, Hadrian, constructed a wall in the north of England,...
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The 7 Best Historic Sites in Ho Chi Minh City Beneath the hustle and bustle of Ho Chi Minh City, formerly known as Saigon, lies countless...
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Beneath the hustle and bustle of Ho Chi Minh City, formerly known as Saigon, lies countless fascinating sites. Visitors usually overlook Vietnam’s most populated city and financial center in favor of Hanoi or the country’s countless beach destinations. However, Ho Chi Minh City...
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Dune and Greek Mythology: What’s in Common? Dune, a science-fiction novel written in 1965 by Frank Herbert, follows the story of Paul Atreides,...
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Dune, a science-fiction novel written in 1965 by Frank Herbert, follows the story of Paul Atreides, a young man whose family accepts stewardship of the planet Arrakis for the interstellar empire. The planet is a harsh desert wasteland that is sparsely populated. It is the only...
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Tantra’s Complicated Relationship With the Modern Western World Tantra is a concept at once familiar and utterly foreign. It is everywhere and nowhere. Most of us...
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Tantra is a concept at once familiar and utterly foreign. It is everywhere and nowhere. Most of us would imagine that we have a clear idea of what Tantra is and yet many of us would be surprised about how much history and complexity lies in the philosophy and the practice. In the...
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Why Were Jacquetta and Elizabeth Woodville Accused of Witchcraft? Accusations of witchcraft weren’t exactly rare in the 15th century, but for the Woodville women,...
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Accusations of witchcraft weren’t exactly rare in the 15th century, but for the Woodville women, being clever, influential, and—heaven forbid—good-looking, seemed to seal the deal. Jacquetta of Luxembourg and her daughter Elizabeth Woodville learned that a little charisma and a...
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How the Chinese General Yuan Shikai Tried to Make Himself Emperor Yuan Shikai is one of the most controversial figures in the history of modern China. Riding the...
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Yuan Shikai is one of the most controversial figures in the history of modern China. Riding the coattails of the general and statesman Li Hongzhang, Yuan built an expansive patronage network that enabled him to control the Chinese military at the turn of the 20th century. His...
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The Secret Service of Ancient Rome (Frumentarii and Agentes in Rebus) The Roman Empire was vast and may have contained more than 100 million people at its height in the...
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The Roman Empire was vast and may have contained more than 100 million people at its height in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. To monitor this expansive territory, enforce policy, exact taxes, and spy on prominent personages, the emperors developed what has been called a “Roman...
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How Do Hestia and Vesta Differ in Greek and Roman Mythology? Almost every famous Greek God or Goddess has a Roman counterpart, many of whom were used to name the...
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Almost every famous Greek God or Goddess has a Roman counterpart, many of whom were used to name the planets in our solar system, like Jupiter (Zeus) and Neptune (Poseidon). The Romans adopted much of Ancient Greek religion, renaming deities while retaining their core attributes...
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Why Ancient Greeks Wrote Without Spaces or Punctuation To modern eyes, ancient Greek writing looks like an impenetrable code—an unbroken wall of capital...
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To modern eyes, ancient Greek writing looks like an impenetrable code—an unbroken wall of capital letters across stone or parchment without a single space or discernible punctuation mark.   This format is called scriptio continua, Latin for “continuous script.” There is no...
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Taoism, the Philosophy of Flow & Embracing Effortlessness The struggle for control over every aspect of life is common in modern Western society. However,...
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The struggle for control over every aspect of life is common in modern Western society. However, this approach can be juxtaposed with the ancient Chinese religious and philosophical ideas of Taoism. Taoism offers a guide for living a free-flowing life that is guided by the...
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7 Museums to Visit in Athens Known for its countless archaeological sites, busy nightlife, and quirky architecture, Athens...
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Known for its countless archaeological sites, busy nightlife, and quirky architecture, Athens welcomes millions of tourists every year. Although open-air sites are the most popular Athenian landmarks, there are also more than 70 museums and galleries to visit. Whether you are a...
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The Art of Deception: How WWII Was Won With Trickery In 1939, World War II erupted in Europe. This war, mechanized with tanks, trucks, and fighter...
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In 1939, World War II erupted in Europe. This war, mechanized with tanks, trucks, and fighter planes, was faster and more mobile than any previous conflict. To gain an advantage over similarly matched rivals, both the Allied and Axis powers added a significant new element to...
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The Native American Graves Protection & Repatriation Act (Analysis) Fascination with people of the past has been a common theme of Western civilizations throughout...
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Fascination with people of the past has been a common theme of Western civilizations throughout history, with Americans proving to be no exception. The disinterment of Indigenous people began not long after the arrival of European settlers. Not only were people removed from what...
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The Age-Old Art Historical Debate of Colorito vs Disegno The Renaissance was a period of innovations and intellectualism, where artists and patrons of the...
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The Renaissance was a period of innovations and intellectualism, where artists and patrons of the art world both shared and debated new ideas and concepts. The debate of colorito versus disegno emerged in the 16th century in Florence and Venice, with Florentine artists...
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The 3 Phases of Medieval Architecture (With HD Images) The Middle Ages is often unfairly characterized as a time of stagnation, with little in the way of...
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The Middle Ages is often unfairly characterized as a time of stagnation, with little in the way of cultural achievement. Far from being true, this was an era of cultural advances that still leave modern minds in awe. The most enduring art form of the era was architecture....
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What Was the Phoenician Trade Network? The Phoenicians’ success from the late Bronze Age on sat astride an already strong foundation. This...
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The Phoenicians’ success from the late Bronze Age on sat astride an already strong foundation. This base in what’s now Lebanon consisted of three successful trade hubs (Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos). With fewer opportunities inland, they took to the seas. They sailed west across the...
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England’s Medieval Angevin Empire Explained At its peak, the Angevin Empire stretched from Scotland to France, a formidable medieval dominion...
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At its peak, the Angevin Empire stretched from Scotland to France, a formidable medieval dominion under the English kings of the Plantagenet Dynasty. Shaped by pivotal figures such as Henry II, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Richard the Lionheart, and King John, this empire experienced a...
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What Is the Book of Ezekiel About? From the first chapter, the Book of Ezekiel is packed with vivid imagery and colorful descriptions...
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From the first chapter, the Book of Ezekiel is packed with vivid imagery and colorful descriptions of God’s warnings to his people about the impending destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. Like Jeremiah, Ezekiel pivots later to messages of hope and restoration, calling on the...
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Japan’s Legendary Shaman Queen Who Ended a Civil War Japanese history is not short on great women, from fearsome female warriors to wise empresses,...
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Japanese history is not short on great women, from fearsome female warriors to wise empresses, poets, and more. Yet one name rarely makes its way to classrooms and the Japanese consciousness: Himiko. Many historians believe that she was a real 3rd-century-CE warrior queen and...
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The Roman Republic’s “Career Path” That Allowed Soldiers to Become Consuls When the Romans ousted their kings and established the Republic, they established checks and...
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When the Romans ousted their kings and established the Republic, they established checks and balances to ensure that no one man could gain too much power. This system of regulation included the Cursus Honorum, which was the acceptable order in which Roman public offices should be...
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10 Mortal and Divine Children of Zeus Zeus overthrew his father, Cronos, to become the king of the gods and also had a complicated...
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Zeus overthrew his father, Cronos, to become the king of the gods and also had a complicated relationship with his own children. When he received a prophecy that his son with Metis would overthrow him, he tricked the pregnant Metis into turning into a fly and swallowed her. As a...
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Mehmed the Conqueror, the Sultan Who Took Constantinople Mehmed II (the Conqueror) transformed the Ottoman state into a centralized and bureaucratized...
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Mehmed II (the Conqueror) transformed the Ottoman state into a centralized and bureaucratized empire. Like other rulers of his time, he was devout and believed in his right to rule with an iron fist. Yet, he was also a Renaissance prince at heart. Inspired by classical learning,...
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Sartre vs. Camus on When It’s Okay to Get Your Hands Dirty The problem of dirty hands in society is a deceptively simple idea. At its heart is the question: is...
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The problem of dirty hands in society is a deceptively simple idea. At its heart is the question: is it ever permissible to do something morally wrong in order to secure a later good? There are many formulations of the problem and disagreements over what counts as “getting one’s...
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What Does the Bible Say About the Fate of Angels and Demons? Despite their tantalizing presence all over the Bible, readers are left with a lot of questions not...
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Despite their tantalizing presence all over the Bible, readers are left with a lot of questions not only about where angels and demons came from but also about where they might be going. While some passages allude to the final annihilation of demons, these references use...
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The Statue of Athena Parthenos: Everything You Need to Know The statue of Athena Parthenos was a large-scale ivory and gold statue created in the 5th century...
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The statue of Athena Parthenos was a large-scale ivory and gold statue created in the 5th century BCE and dedicated to the goddess in the Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis. The larger-than-life devotional image of one of ancient Greece’s most important goddesses was considered...
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How to Become an Immortal in Greek Mythology (6 Myths) Greek mythology focused on the deeds of gods and semi-divine heroes, with most of the humans who got...
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Greek mythology focused on the deeds of gods and semi-divine heroes, with most of the humans who got caught up in their escapades coming to a bad end. But some mortals made such an impression during their short lives that they were given a place in the heavens and made immortal....
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Unpacking Freud’s Concept of “The Uncanny” Although Sigmund Freud is known as the progenitor of psychoanalysis, The Uncanny, one of his most...
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Although Sigmund Freud is known as the progenitor of psychoanalysis, The Uncanny, one of his most famous essays, is just as important in the world of literary criticism as in that of psychology. It also had a seismic impact across the arts. Throughout, Freud probes the possible...
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How Sigmund Freud’s Concept of “The Uncanny” Inspired Art According to Freud, the uncanny is not just an unsettling or fearful sensation caused by the alien...
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According to Freud, the uncanny is not just an unsettling or fearful sensation caused by the alien and unfamiliar. Spooky things, like living dolls, severed limbs, and doppelgängers, can be uncanny. This is because of their link to our subconscious, to repressed feelings of...
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How Saladin Defeated the Crusaders & Recaptured Jerusalem Saladin (1137-1193) has gone down in history as one of the greatest statesmen and generals of the...
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Saladin (1137-1193) has gone down in history as one of the greatest statesmen and generals of the High Medieval Era. He made himself Sultan of Egypt and Syria, founded the Ayyubid Dynasty, defended his kingdom from the Crusader states, and recaptured the sacred city of Jerusalem...
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How Two Medicis Became Popes & Shaped European History In 1513, Giovanni de’ Medici, second son of Lorenzo “the Magnificent,” became the first Medici pope...
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In 1513, Giovanni de’ Medici, second son of Lorenzo “the Magnificent,” became the first Medici pope with the name of Leo X. The election of Giovanni inaugurated the apogee of the Medici family in the Italian peninsula. While Leo turned Rome into a leading cultural center, he...
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Can God Make You Act Immorally? Kierkegaard’s Fear and Trembling Fear and Trembling has become required reading for anyone interested in existentialism or Biblical...
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Fear and Trembling has become required reading for anyone interested in existentialism or Biblical exegesis. In this short text, Kierkegaard poses several challenging and complex philosophical and theological ideas. Here, we examine three key ideas expressed in the text: the...
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How Many Native Americans Were Killed During Colonization? The Native American population reached around seven million before European contact. Estimates for...
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The Native American population reached around seven million before European contact. Estimates for all the Americans range up to or past 45 million. In North America, Native Americans are grouped into six tribes, numbering between three and seven million people. The Eastern...
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What Is the Book of Daniel About? The Book of Daniel contains some of the most iconic scenes from the Bible. Children’s Bibles often...
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The Book of Daniel contains some of the most iconic scenes from the Bible. Children’s Bibles often depict Daniel in the lion’s den, or his friends in the fiery furnace. Yet, there is much more to Daniel than fantastic stories to entertain children. It holds significant lessons...
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Is Tecumseh’s Curse a Coincidence or Bane of the Presidency? Tecumseh, the Shawnee leader of an instrumental Pan-Indian confederacy, stood up to the United...
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Tecumseh, the Shawnee leader of an instrumental Pan-Indian confederacy, stood up to the United States when his people and allies were threatened. He would be killed in the ensuing conflict, but with his death came rumors of a curse placed on the highest office in the land....
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How John William Waterhouse Transformed 5 Greek Myths into Vivid Victorian Visions No artist brought Greek mythology to life for Victorian audiences like John William Waterhouse....
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No artist brought Greek mythology to life for Victorian audiences like John William Waterhouse. Around the turn of the century, the English painter infused classical themes with the poignant beauty of the Pre-Raphaelite style. In his hands, Greek myths were not merely retold, but...
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Christian Prophets, Saints, and Relics in Zoroastrian Iran The Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE) is considered a zenith of Iranian civilization. The religion of the...
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The Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE) is considered a zenith of Iranian civilization. The religion of the Sasanians was Zoroastrianism, a dualistic religion with Ahura Mazda as its principal god and champion of Good. However, Zoroastrianism was not the only religion present, as...
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10 Mythical Treasures of the Norse Gods Many gods are known for their attributes: the Greek god Zeus with his lightning bolt, the Egyptian...
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Many gods are known for their attributes: the Greek god Zeus with his lightning bolt, the Egyptian god Osiris with his crook and flail, and the Indian god Vishnu with his club, wheel, conch, and lotus flower. Norse myth and archaeological finds show that the Norse gods also had...
TheCollector
8 Must-Visit Religious Sites in Japan Japan’s native religion, Shinto, is tied directly to the country’s customs, nature, and people....
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Japan’s native religion, Shinto, is tied directly to the country’s customs, nature, and people. Dotted across the island archipelago are countless shrines and temples that hold a deep significance to followers of Shinto. These sites allow both local and international visitors to...
TheCollector
Is the Ghent Altarpiece a Work of Realism or Idealism? While conventionally hailed as a work of precise realism, the Ghent Altarpiece at Saint Bavo...
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While conventionally hailed as a work of precise realism, the Ghent Altarpiece at Saint Bavo (otherwise known as The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb) is as much a work of idealism. The Van Eycks carefully and skilfully crafted their realism within a sophisticated framework of...
TheCollector
What Are Some of Rome’s Unsolved Mysteries? From the strange disappearance of the ninth legion to the unknown substances that made up Roman...
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From the strange disappearance of the ninth legion to the unknown substances that made up Roman concrete, we take a closer look at a series of Rome’s greatest mysteries, which are largely unknown at the time of publication.   The Ninth Legion   One of the more famous Roman...
TheCollector
How Early Peoples of Latin America Interacted With Megafauna Approximately 11,000 years ago, in the Pleistocene epoch, humans began to enter present-day South...
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Approximately 11,000 years ago, in the Pleistocene epoch, humans began to enter present-day South America. There, they came face to face with the giants of their day—ground sloths over 20 feet long, armored glyptodonts the size of a car, and felines with foot-long teeth. Their...
TheCollector
7 Historical Places in Xi’an, China Xi’an was the capital of 13 ancient Chinese dynasties and holds an important place in Chinese...
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Xi’an was the capital of 13 ancient Chinese dynasties and holds an important place in Chinese history. It was the easternmost point of the Silk Road, a Eurasian trade route active from the 2nd century BCE until the mid-15th century. The city, previously known as Chang’An, has...
TheCollector
The History of Lagos, the Epicenter of the Portuguese Age of Discovery Lagos, Portugal is a 4,000-year-old coastal city that was once home to the Carthaginians, the...
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Lagos, Portugal is a 4,000-year-old coastal city that was once home to the Carthaginians, the Romans, and the Moors. After the Reconquista, Lagos played a pivotal role in the Portuguese maritime expansion.   In 1755, Lagos lost its influence after the devastating earthquake and...
TheCollector
Hellenistic Greek Sculpture (Guide with HD Images) After centuries of progress and development, Greek sculpture reached its “final” form during the...
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After centuries of progress and development, Greek sculpture reached its “final” form during the Hellenistic Age, usually dated from Alexander the Great’s death in 323 BCE. Around the 1st century BCE, Greece was incorporated into the Roman Empire, ushering in a new period of...
TheCollector
Archaic Greek Sculpture (Guide with HD Images) Ancient Greece is known for its magnificent statues, the craftsmanship of which is still envied by...
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Ancient Greece is known for its magnificent statues, the craftsmanship of which is still envied by modern artists. The style in which Greek statues were made was not monolithic but rather a gradual evolution over several centuries, with each new generation of artists building on...
TheCollector
Why Chinese Calligraphy Is More Than Just Beautiful Writing Western perceptions of Chinese calligraphy often focus on the skills used to make the artistic...
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Western perceptions of Chinese calligraphy often focus on the skills used to make the artistic lines. However, an appreciation of skills alone does not take into account the traditions tied to it. For over two millennia, Chinese calligraphy was more than an art form. It was a...
TheCollector
How the Gospel of John Differs from the Synoptic Gospels Unlike the synoptic gospels that share many of the events they describe, the Gospel of John presents...
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Unlike the synoptic gospels that share many of the events they describe, the Gospel of John presents a unique perspective. Some scholars claim John authored this gospel after the synoptic gospels, which allowed him to address challenges the fledgling Christian religion faced...
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How the Hospitallers Lost the Holy Land but Survived the Ages During the Crusades, warriors devoted themselves to protecting the Holy Land from attack, dedicating...
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During the Crusades, warriors devoted themselves to protecting the Holy Land from attack, dedicating themselves to God, the Church, and their mission. Several orders of devout knights emerged, the most famous of which was the Knights Templar, but another well-known order was the...
TheCollector
The Musket Wars That Changed Māori Society Forever The Musket Wars, which occurred from the early 1800s to the 1840s, brought about a significant...
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The Musket Wars, which occurred from the early 1800s to the 1840s, brought about a significant transformation in Māori society and warfare. This four-decades-long conflict was characterized by the widespread use of muskets, which had been introduced (both willingly and...
TheCollector
The Lost People Who Built Babylon and Vanished The Amorites were a Bronze Age people who were prevalent in the Levant and Near East. But for over a...
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The Amorites were a Bronze Age people who were prevalent in the Levant and Near East. But for over a century, historians and archaeologists have debated if they can even be considered a “people” in an ethnic or political sense. Early theories held that the Amorites were a...
TheCollector
The 8 Most Intriguing Nazca Lines Nestled in the Nazca desert in southern Peru, the group of geoglyphs popularly called the Nazca...
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Nestled in the Nazca desert in southern Peru, the group of geoglyphs popularly called the Nazca Lines fascinates history enthusiasts worldwide. Displaying geometric, animal, and humanoid forms, these glyphs stand out among other archaeological finds due to their sophisticated...
TheCollector
What Is the Significance of the Minoan Octopus Vase? Craftsmen from the Minoan civilization, a society that existed during the Bronze Age on the Greek...
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Craftsmen from the Minoan civilization, a society that existed during the Bronze Age on the Greek island of Crete, created the famous Minoan Octopus vase. Their vases typically featured artistic portrayals of a sinuous octopus and were created at a time when the Minoans were...
TheCollector
How the Normans Conquered England in 1066 Many people may not be aware that the governments of France and England were once closely linked,...
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Many people may not be aware that the governments of France and England were once closely linked, including through a single monarchy. In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England to avenge the affront of not being named King of England, as he had been promised.  The...
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7 Historical Places to Visit On Your Way to the Isle of Skye Scotland draws tourists year-round to discover its stunning nature, fantastic views, and rich...
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Scotland draws tourists year-round to discover its stunning nature, fantastic views, and rich history. The Isle of Skye is the largest of the Inner Hebrides islands and is famous for its breathtaking views. You can discover the top places to visit on the Isle of Skye here. If...
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The Rise and Fall of the Second Bulgarian Empire That Dominated the Balkans The founding of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the late 12th century saw the restoration of...
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The founding of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the late 12th century saw the restoration of Bulgarian independence from Byzantine rule. Under the leadership of effective rulers such as Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II, Bulgaria conquered most of southeastern Europe from the Byzantines....
TheCollector
The Tumultuous Ottoman Interregnum (Bayezid’s Fall & Civil War) Under Sultan Bayezid, “The Thunderbolt,” the Ottoman Empire had a series of stunning military...
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Under Sultan Bayezid, “The Thunderbolt,” the Ottoman Empire had a series of stunning military victories in the Balkans and Western Asia. However, Bayezid’s ambitions placed him in the path of the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur, who captured the Sultan in battle. Known as the...
TheCollector
How Horses Shaped Human Civilization In no small part, horses have helped create and change human civilization. Although they are not as...
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In no small part, horses have helped create and change human civilization. Although they are not as conspicuous and as commonplace as they used to be, many civilizations were built on foundations provided for by equine labor.   From the plains of Eurasia, where they roamed free...
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The Odyssey Still Matters! Dr. Paul Cartledge on Homer’s Epic With the star-studded new Odyssey feature film by Christopher Nolan in the works, everyone is...
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With the star-studded new Odyssey feature film by Christopher Nolan in the works, everyone is talking about Homer and his epic tales about the Trojan War and Odysseus’ long journey home following its conclusion. With this in mind, Richard Marranca spoke to Dr Paul Cartledge,...
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How the Crusades Reshaped Medieval Europe From 1096 to about 1300 CE, during the Middle Ages in Europe, European monarchs and other royals...
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From 1096 to about 1300 CE, during the Middle Ages in Europe, European monarchs and other royals sent armies to the Holy Land in the Middle East to attempt to secure the city of Jerusalem and surrounding territory for Christendom. These “holy wars,” fought between Christians and...
TheCollector
5 Alluring Female Portraits Painted by Gustav Klimt Gustav Klimt redefined the modern female portrait. He introduced elements that were previously...
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Gustav Klimt redefined the modern female portrait. He introduced elements that were previously reserved for decorative arts or medieval icons. Klimt used gold, restless geometrical shapes, and dazzling enamel-like colors. While most portraitists of his time focused on showing...
TheCollector
What Was Coco Chanel’s “Slavic Period”? During the 1920s, European fashion reflected the lure of exotic trends. From peasant shirts and...
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During the 1920s, European fashion reflected the lure of exotic trends. From peasant shirts and embroidered dresses to jeweled kokoshnik tiaras, this era saw a strong Slavic influence on Western couture thanks to thousands of émigrés who fled the Bolshevik Revolution. While Coco...
TheCollector
What Did Sargon of Akkad and Sargon of Assyria Have in Common? Sargon of Akkad (ruled c. 2334-2279 BCE) and Sargon II of Assyria (ruled 721-705 BCE) were two of...
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Sargon of Akkad (ruled c. 2334-2279 BCE) and Sargon II of Assyria (ruled 721-705 BCE) were two of the greatest rulers in ancient Near Eastern history. Despite sharing the same name, the two men were from different dynasties and lived more than 1,500 years and hundreds of miles...
TheCollector
7 Unusual Saints of the Middle Ages During the Middle Ages, devout Christians venerated holy people known as saints. As everyday...
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During the Middle Ages, devout Christians venerated holy people known as saints. As everyday Christians made it through the struggles of life, they found comfort by identifying with saints, some of whom had extremely strange and unusual stories, or vitae. As strange as some of...
TheCollector
4 Major Monastic Reform Orders in Medieval Europee Although the tradition of Christian monasticism had its origins in 3rd-century Egypt and the Levant,...
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Although the tradition of Christian monasticism had its origins in 3rd-century Egypt and the Levant, its medieval form was firmly established by St. Benedict’s Rule of the 6th century. Benedictine monasteries adopted this set of rules and became widespread across Europe in the...
TheCollector
Did Life Continue in Pompeii After Its Destruction? In 79 CE, the disastrous eruption of Mount Vesuvius destroyed the prosperous cities of Pompeii and...
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In 79 CE, the disastrous eruption of Mount Vesuvius destroyed the prosperous cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum near Naples. A densely populated city was buried under ash, lava, and stone, but its life was not over. Groups of survivors went on to rebuild their lives in other...
TheCollector
What Ancient Greek Philosophers Said About Friendship (Philia) In Ancient Greek philosophy, friendship (or “philia”) was considered fundamental for shaping how one...
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In Ancient Greek philosophy, friendship (or “philia”) was considered fundamental for shaping how one thought, acted, and organized society. However, we will see that thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates viewed the matter rather differently from how we might today. Of...
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The Epic Story of El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar) Few people have come close to achieving such legendary status as Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, better known...
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Few people have come close to achieving such legendary status as Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, better known as El Cid. Throughout his life, he fought for both Christian and Muslim armies, and was greatly respected and revered by both. In fact, his tale has been told so often that...
TheCollector
Queen Caroline of Denmark and the Forbidden Love That Rocked a Kingdom Caroline Matilda was born July 22, 1751. She was the daughter of Frederick, Prince of Wales and...
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Caroline Matilda was born July 22, 1751. She was the daughter of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, and was the youngest of nine children. Her father passed away just before she was born; he was the oldest son and heir of King George II of Great...
TheCollector
How Alexander the Great Won the Battle of the Granicus With Greece and the Balkans secure, Alexander the Great led his army across the Hellespont into Asia...
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With Greece and the Balkans secure, Alexander the Great led his army across the Hellespont into Asia Minor. A revolt in Egypt had drawn away the new Achaemenid king, Darius III, and his army. However, the local Achaemenid satraps were not about to let Alexander do as he pleased....
TheCollector
What the Book of Nahum Says About the Fall of Nineveh Nahum prophesied about the imminent destruction of Nineveh and, by extension, the Assyrian Empire,...
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Nahum prophesied about the imminent destruction of Nineveh and, by extension, the Assyrian Empire, though he did not prophesy directly to them. Instead, he brought his message to an audience in Judah that gained much hope from the news that Nineveh was about to fall. The Kingdom...
TheCollector
The Black Hawk War: Fighting Back Against US Westward Expansion As the United States expanded westwards, Native Americans were subjected to cultural genocide,...
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As the United States expanded westwards, Native Americans were subjected to cultural genocide, foreign diseases, and territorial loss. Faced with destruction and herded onto reservations, many Native Americans resisted what was happening to them and decided to take action.   In...
TheCollector
Why Did Ethiopian Rulers Claim to Be Descendants of King Solomon? Upon converting to Christianity in the 4th century, Ethiopia’s rulers took their new religion and...
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Upon converting to Christianity in the 4th century, Ethiopia’s rulers took their new religion and invested themselves with an entirely new national mythos. Dynasties traced their roots back as far as possible (and even beyond) in order to solidify their legitimacy. And where...
TheCollector
The 12th-Century Renaissance That Transformed Medieval Europe Europe’s long Middle Ages have a reputation as a low point in Western civilization. The period from...
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Europe’s long Middle Ages have a reputation as a low point in Western civilization. The period from the 5th to the 15th century is a byword for anything unenlightened and barbaric. Modern historians, however, prefer to view this stretch as a series of epochs and incremental...
TheCollector
A Complete Guide to the Greek Poet Hesiod & His Works Hesiod (c. 750-650 BCE) is one of the earliest extant Greek poets. His most notable surviving works...
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Hesiod (c. 750-650 BCE) is one of the earliest extant Greek poets. His most notable surviving works are Theogony, which describes the origins and genealogy of the gods and the universe, and Works and Days, which covers various subjects such as farming advice, mythical stories,...
TheCollector
Who Was Legendary Pirate Captain Kidd? Captain Kidd was one of many notorious pirates that operated during the 17th century “Golden Age of...
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Captain Kidd was one of many notorious pirates that operated during the 17th century “Golden Age of Piracy.” Legend has it he hid his treasure, intending to come back to it, but was stopped short when the law caught up with him. So where is this alleged treasure, and if people...
TheCollector
The Forgotten Irish Kingdom in Dark Age Britain It is well known that large numbers of Irish settlers migrated to western Britain, especially...
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It is well known that large numbers of Irish settlers migrated to western Britain, especially western Wales, during the early Dark Ages. This was mostly after, but some also before, the fall of Roman Britain. They managed to establish a relatively long-lasting kingdom in Dyfed,...
TheCollector
What Lao Tzu Believed and How It Shaped Taoism Lao Tzu (Laozi) is a complex figure, which makes capturing his essence through words difficult. This...
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Lao Tzu (Laozi) is a complex figure, which makes capturing his essence through words difficult. This is not only because of the minimal information we have about his existence but also the many titles that can be given to him. The ancient Chinese philosopher, sage, and to some,...
TheCollector
What Exactly Is Qi? Life Energy in Chinese Medicine & Martial Arts A character in a martial arts anime unleashes a planet-destroying burst of energy to defeat a foe. A...
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A character in a martial arts anime unleashes a planet-destroying burst of energy to defeat a foe. A martial artist in a wuxia film strikes at pressure points to paralyze someone. Another character places their hands on that same person to heal their injuries. These are...
TheCollector
The Three Graces “Charites” of Greek Mythology (Origins & Facts) The Charites, also known as the three Graces, were a group of beautiful goddesses who embodied...
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The Charites, also known as the three Graces, were a group of beautiful goddesses who embodied charm, grace, beauty, and joy. They presided over festival celebrations and were attendants to the goddess of love, Aphrodite. Initially, there were three Charites, but additional...
TheCollector
6 Most Striking Fayum Portraits You Should See The Fayum portraits are realistic paintings of deceased individuals that were placed over their...
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The Fayum portraits are realistic paintings of deceased individuals that were placed over their mummies during the first three centuries of the Common Era in Egypt. These were portraits of the elites who wished to reach the afterlife retaining their lifelike appearance. The...
TheCollector
5 Roman Emperors (Almost) Lost to Time One of the main symptoms of the Crisis of the Third Century was almost constant civil wars and...
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One of the main symptoms of the Crisis of the Third Century was almost constant civil wars and internal fights for power. Over the course of almost half a century (235-284), many Roman generals and other commanders were proclaimed emperors, mostly by their soldiers after a...
TheCollector
The Game of Kings – The Intriguing History of Tamerlane Chess Tamerlane Chess is a medieval chess variant attributed to the 14th-century conqueror Timur, also...
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Tamerlane Chess is a medieval chess variant attributed to the 14th-century conqueror Timur, also known as Tamerlane. A complex and richly symbolic game, Tamerlane Chess is played on a unique 10×11 board and features over 25 distinct pieces, each with specialized movements. Known...
TheCollector
The Adventures of Perseus, the Greek Hero Who Defeated Medusa Perseus, the son of Zeus, was abandoned by his grandfather, King Acrisius, due to a dark prophecy....
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Perseus, the son of Zeus, was abandoned by his grandfather, King Acrisius, due to a dark prophecy. He and his mother, Danae, were saved by a fisherman named Diktys on the island of Seriphos. However, Diktys’s brother, King Polydectes, desired to marry Danae and devised a plan to...
TheCollector
How Moriori Peacekeepers Survived a Forgotten Māori Invasion For decades, the Moriori have been considered extinct. When two Māori tribes invaded their homeland,...
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For decades, the Moriori have been considered extinct. When two Māori tribes invaded their homeland, the Chatham Islands, in 1835, the Moriori refused to fight back. They remained faithful to the Law of Nunuku, the central tenet of Moriori life, which prohibited warfare and...
TheCollector
The Inca Empire’s Four Quarters Explained (Government & Challenges) The Inca Empire was the largest of the pre-Columbian civilizations. At its peak, the empire spanned...
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The Inca Empire was the largest of the pre-Columbian civilizations. At its peak, the empire spanned from the highest peaks of the Andes mountains to the inhospitable Atacama desert. At its peak between 1438 and 1533, the Inca Empire, known in the Quechua language as Tawantinsuyu,...
TheCollector
Inside the Forgotten Cave World of Old Khndzoresk Embark on a hike through the historic village of Old Khndzoresk in Armenia, perched on the steep...
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Embark on a hike through the historic village of Old Khndzoresk in Armenia, perched on the steep slopes of a breathtaking gorge. This remarkable site, fully inhabited during the 17th and 18th centuries with a population of over 8,000, offers a unique exploration of both natural...
TheCollector
The Story of the Carthaginian Queen Dido & the Trojan Prince Aeneas Dido and Aeneas are perhaps the two most iconic lovers in an ancient epic. Their brief relationship...
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Dido and Aeneas are perhaps the two most iconic lovers in an ancient epic. Their brief relationship becomes a haunting episode in the Aeneid, creating profound repercussions for Aeneas and his quest. Dido, the legendary queen of Carthage, and Aeneas, a Trojan prince fated to...
TheCollector
How Angels and Demons Interact with Humans in the Bible In modern pop culture, angels are often portrayed as gentle protectors, while demons are frequently...
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In modern pop culture, angels are often portrayed as gentle protectors, while demons are frequently depicted as malevolent tempters. However, in the Bible, the distinction between these spiritual beings is more complex. Angels deliver divine messages but also bring destruction....
TheCollector
Did Jesus Have Siblings? Scholars have asked questions about the siblings of Jesus since the earliest centuries of the...
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Scholars have asked questions about the siblings of Jesus since the earliest centuries of the Christian church. Some argue he had younger brothers and sisters based on a plain reading of the gospels. Others claim Jesus had stepsiblings from a prior marriage of Joseph. A third...
TheCollector
8 Facts About Huey Long, the Kingfish Who Promised Every Man a King Political powerhouse Huey Long was a radical democrat who had no qualms about making his opinions...
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Political powerhouse Huey Long was a radical democrat who had no qualms about making his opinions known. Rising through political ranks in Louisiana, he began making an impact on the national stage. Long made a number of reforms during his tenure in government, many of which made...
TheCollector
The Music of the Romantic Era (with Examples) The Romantic Period, often placed in the 19th century but with roots in the late 18th century, is...
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The Romantic Period, often placed in the 19th century but with roots in the late 18th century, is associated with individual self-expression and a reaction against the Age of Enlightenment’s emphasis on logic and rationality. This period also rebelled against industrialization....
TheCollector
How Did the Colonial Period Shape Modern Korean Art? The Japanese Colonial Period (1910-1945) saw the development of Modern Art in Korea according to...
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The Japanese Colonial Period (1910-1945) saw the development of Modern Art in Korea according to Western standards, placing importance on European techniques and styles, such as oil painting. Moving beyond the traditional, Korean art made during this time reflects the great...
TheCollector
Guide to Classical Greek Sculpture (Canon, Materials, and Appearance) After the Persians were thrown back from their attempt to conquer Greece, the Greek world was buoyed...
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After the Persians were thrown back from their attempt to conquer Greece, the Greek world was buoyed by a sense of optimism that permeated all aspects of society. It was during this time, called the Classical Era by historians, that ancient Greek culture reached its apogee,...
TheCollector
Guide to Lisbon’s History, Art, and Museums Lisbon is one of the oldest capitals in Europe. It was also once a prominent port city where...
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Lisbon is one of the oldest capitals in Europe. It was also once a prominent port city where merchants worldwide would meet and trade in the Middle Ages. It was the center of globalization’s earliest days.   Although the infamous 1755 earthquake left Lisbon in shambles, killing...
TheCollector
Mahatma Gandhi’s 3 Quotes That Changed the World Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in 1869 in Porbandar, in the Indian state of Gujarat. He trained...
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in 1869 in Porbandar, in the Indian state of Gujarat. He trained as a lawyer before moving to South Africa, where he set out to fight racial discrimination against the Indian community through organized civil disobedience. Returning to India in...
TheCollector
8 of the Most Famous Castles in the Middle East Not confined to the medieval history of Europe, massive stone fortifications were also a common...
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Not confined to the medieval history of Europe, massive stone fortifications were also a common sight throughout the Middle East. Many of these castles still stand, their impenetrable stone walls having withstood centuries of war and strife.   Some, however, have crumbled to...
TheCollector
What’s the Best Time of Year to Visit Mexico? Mexico offers arguably the most comprehensive travel experience in Latin America. It is ideal for...
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Mexico offers arguably the most comprehensive travel experience in Latin America. It is ideal for beach lovers, culture vultures, adrenalin addicts, and history enthusiasts. Yet, with a climate as diverse as its landscapes, settling on the perfect time to visit can be a bit...
TheCollector
Who Was Stonewall Jackson? The Confederate General Who Became a Legend Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson remains one of the most iconic figures of the American Civil War. Born in...
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Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson remains one of the most iconic figures of the American Civil War. Born in 1824, in what is now West Virginia, his military genius propelled him through the ranks of the Confederate Army from a lowly major to General. Known for his iron discipline and...
TheCollector
Tiresias, the Blind Prophet of Greek Mythology Tiresias, the blind prophet from Thebes, is one of the most renowned seers in Greek mythology. After...
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Tiresias, the blind prophet from Thebes, is one of the most renowned seers in Greek mythology. After being struck blind by one of the gods, Tiresias was granted the gifts of prophecy and longevity. As a prophet, Tiresias played a vital role in the mythology of Thebes. However,...
TheCollector
Could the Trojan War Have Occurred in the Iron Age? The Trojan War is undoubtedly the most famous conflict in Greek legend. The ancient Greeks wrote...
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The Trojan War is undoubtedly the most famous conflict in Greek legend. The ancient Greeks wrote about it extensively, and there are many statements regarding when it took place. These claims, although not all consistent, generally point to c. 1200 BCE as the date of the Trojan...
TheCollector
7 Historical Places to Visit on the Isle of Skye The Isle of Skye, the largest island of the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. It has a population of...
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The Isle of Skye, the largest island of the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. It has a population of around 10,000 people and is only 50 miles long. Yet, it is filled with history, from prehistoric fossils to highland castles. Peppered with ruins and riveting history, here are the top...
TheCollector
Sumer vs. Indus Valley – Which Is Older? The question of the older civilization between the Sumer and the Indus Valley Civilizations is...
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The question of the older civilization between the Sumer and the Indus Valley Civilizations is interesting as both are considered to be among the earliest human civilizations known to man. That said, they rose at different timelines. To determine which of them was older, it is...
TheCollector
Constantine the Great’s Forgotten Invasion of Britain Constantine the Great is undoubtedly one of the most famous Roman Emperors. He was made emperor...
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Constantine the Great is undoubtedly one of the most famous Roman Emperors. He was made emperor while in Roman Britain, fought a war against Emperor Maxentius in Rome, and then took control of the entire Roman Empire. Interestingly, there is some evidence that he returned to...
TheCollector
Who Were the Taíno, Puerto Rico’s Indigenous Culture? Accounts of the discovery of the “new world” often give the impression that Europeans’ first...
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Accounts of the discovery of the “new world” often give the impression that Europeans’ first encounters were with small native tribes, saving major indigenous histories for large civilizations like the Aztec and Inca. In fact, the very first people the conquistadors met in the...
TheCollector
The Story of the Union General Who Trained an Army He Refused to Use George McClellan was one of the most controversial generals of the American Civil War. Known for...
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George McClellan was one of the most controversial generals of the American Civil War. Known for organizing the Army of the Potomac, McClellan earned praise from superiors for his ability to instill discipline within his men. However, his cautious approach on the battlefield led...
TheCollector
The True History Behind the Legendary Round Table of King Arthur One of the key aspects of the Arthurian legends is that King Arthur was accompanied by a large...
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One of the key aspects of the Arthurian legends is that King Arthur was accompanied by a large alliance of knights known as the Knights of the Round Table. The Round Table itself was a large circular table at which Arthur and his allies sat, reportedly at Camelot. Many aspects of...
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Who Won the Battle of Baton Rouge? On May 1, 1862, the Union seized New Orleans, the largest city in the Confederate States of America....
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On May 1, 1862, the Union seized New Orleans, the largest city in the Confederate States of America. This was a tremendous logistical and psychological blow for the South, which lost both a major trading and sociocultural center. Many expected the Confederacy to mount an...
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3 Famous Archeological Finds That Were Actually Hoaxes Archeological discoveries have always fascinated us. They offer insights into the lives of our...
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Archeological discoveries have always fascinated us. They offer insights into the lives of our ancestors and the cultures of ancient civilizations, but not all finds stand up to scrutiny. Throughout history, several sensational archeological discoveries have turned out to be...
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What Is Hestia the Goddess of? When you think about Greek mythology, you may immediately picture the epic battles, tragic love...
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When you think about Greek mythology, you may immediately picture the epic battles, tragic love stories, and gods with fiery tempers in all of the famous stories. However, not every deity was defined by strength, power, and spectacle. Hestia, one of the elder Olympian gods,...
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Is There a Cure for Male Loneliness? Unpacking the Myths of Masculinity Male loneliness runs deeper than just feeling alone. Many men find it difficult to make close...
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Male loneliness runs deeper than just feeling alone. Many men find it difficult to make close connections because they are imprisoned by out-of-date concepts of masculinity: be strong, don’t cry, handle it alone, be a man! Such fallacies are not only harmful but also separate...
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The Four Crusader States in the Holy Land As a site of great significance for three world religions, the Levant has been subject to brutal...
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As a site of great significance for three world religions, the Levant has been subject to brutal wars over the centuries. When Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095, the main target was Jerusalem and the Holy Land. During the First Crusade, the Christians successfully...
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How Did Richard the Lionheart Become England’s Most Famous King? Richard I (1157-1199), the Lionheart, is celebrated as England’s great warrior king, a man who...
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Richard I (1157-1199), the Lionheart, is celebrated as England’s great warrior king, a man who embodied the ideals of medieval chivalry and nobility. Historically, however, Richard was notorious for having had little interest in England or the English—and in truth, he was never...
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7 Giant Animals That Were Lost in the Late Pleistocene Extinctions Scientists have recorded five Ice Ages in Earth’s history. The most recent began around three...
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Scientists have recorded five Ice Ages in Earth’s history. The most recent began around three million years ago and continues today. Ice ages are characterized by glacial periods, where the climate is colder and glaciers advance, and interglacial periods, where the climate is...
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Stories from WWII Croatia (Ustasha-era) The Independent State of Croatia, founded in 1941, did not have the same impact on Europe’s...
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The Independent State of Croatia, founded in 1941, did not have the same impact on Europe’s demographics that Nazi Germany did. Nonetheless, the brutality of the genocidal campaign it conducted against its Serbs, Roma, and Jews is haunting. Its history and the memory thereof also...
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The Forgotten Claudian Heirs Who Shaped Imperial Rome The Julio-Claudians were the first dynasty of imperial Rome, descended from the Julian gens through...
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The Julio-Claudians were the first dynasty of imperial Rome, descended from the Julian gens through Julius Caesar and Augustus. The Claudian side came through the empress Livia, herself a Claudian, and her ex-husband Tiberius Claudius Nero, whose name is preserved by three of...
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Medieval Battles Where Archers Ruled the Field Medieval battles were dominated by armored cavalry, but history reveals cases where archers were...
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Medieval battles were dominated by armored cavalry, but history reveals cases where archers were able to outsmart their rivals. Changing tactics only took them so far. New bow types, like the English longbow and the nomadic composite bow, increased the archer’s lethality....
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Alexander Gardner: The Man Who Captured the Civil War Alexander Gardner is one of the principal photographers responsible for capturing the horrors of the...
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Alexander Gardner is one of the principal photographers responsible for capturing the horrors of the Civil War and the adventure of the expansion into the American West, not only for posterity but for his contemporaries, shaping public opinion. His relationship with Abraham...
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The Ancient Hurrian Myth That Inspired the Greek Gods The Kumarbi Cycle was a Hurrian myth adapted by the Hittites. While Kumarbi himself was a Hurrian...
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The Kumarbi Cycle was a Hurrian myth adapted by the Hittites. While Kumarbi himself was a Hurrian god, the epic incorporates other gods from Near Eastern cultures, like the Babylonians and Syrians. The storm god, called Teshub in Hurrian, was replaced with the Hittite and Luwian...
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How the Antigonids Endured and Ruled Macedonia After Alexander Following the death of Alexander the Great, his generals fought for control of the various parts of...
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Following the death of Alexander the Great, his generals fought for control of the various parts of his empire. Despite taking control of the Macedonian homeland, the Antigonids are less famous than the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids of Asia Minor. Meet the rulers of the...
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Why Did the Romans Conquer the World? Here’s Polybius’ Explanation The growth of the Roman Republic forever changed the ancient world. For those who lived through it,...
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The growth of the Roman Republic forever changed the ancient world. For those who lived through it, the swift rise of Rome from obscurity to superpower must have been stunning. Polybius, a leading politician in a Greek state that had been Rome’s ally and then enemy, experienced...
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Who Was Saint John the Baptist? (Bio, Death, Facts) John the Baptist was more than just a prophet. He was the cousin of Jesus and God tasked him with...
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John the Baptist was more than just a prophet. He was the cousin of Jesus and God tasked him with preparing the way for Jesus. But what did that mean? John showed significant insight into who Jesus was and how he would fulfill the Old Testament type of Christ. John lived a simple...
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The Trojan Horse, the Deception That Ended the Trojan War Arguably, one of the most famous aspects of the Trojan War is the story of how it ended. This story...
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Arguably, one of the most famous aspects of the Trojan War is the story of how it ended. This story famously involved the incredible deception of the Trojan Horse. According to this ancient legend, the Trojan Horse was used by the Greeks to end a grueling ten-year siege of the...
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5 Generals Who Defeated Napoleon in Battle Napoleon Bonaparte is considered one of the greatest military leaders in history. As a result of his...
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Napoleon Bonaparte is considered one of the greatest military leaders in history. As a result of his operational and tactical prowess, he suffered only ten defeats of the 80 or so battles he fought in his career. The generals who defeated him on the field of battle were...
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No One Knows How Cleopatra Really Died But These Are the Most Compelling Theories Cleopatra VII, the last active pharaoh of Egypt, died in August 30 BCE after her kingdom was invaded...
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Cleopatra VII, the last active pharaoh of Egypt, died in August 30 BCE after her kingdom was invaded and conquered by Rome’s first emperor, Octavian. Political ambition, strategic alliances, and legendary relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony marked her life. But her...
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4 Ways that Magical Realism Rewrites History In a particularly striking scene from Gabriel García Márquez’s Nobel prize-winning novel One Hundred...
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In a particularly striking scene from Gabriel García Márquez’s Nobel prize-winning novel One Hundred Years of Solitude, a trickle of blood takes on a life of its own, flowing from room to room, going around the carpets, crossing terraces, and climbing over curbs as it makes its...
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The Symbols and Strange Stories Behind Rembrandt’s Night Watch The Night Watch by Rembrandt van Rijn is one of the most analyzed paintings in the history of art....
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The Night Watch by Rembrandt van Rijn is one of the most analyzed paintings in the history of art. This fascinating artwork has survived many wars, three attacks by vandals, and years of extensive research and attempts to decode its meaning and complex composition. Let’s explore...
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Is Gibbon’s “The Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire” Still Relevant? In the 18th century, Edward Gibbon wrote his six-volume magnum opus, The History of the Decline and...
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In the 18th century, Edward Gibbon wrote his six-volume magnum opus, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. It covers the history of the empire that started in the city of Rome from 98 CE to 1590 CE; over 3,928 pages. For generations, it was considered required...
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6 Magnificent Medieval Castles Around the World Medieval castles evolved as needs or technology changed. Normal castle construction consisted of...
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Medieval castles evolved as needs or technology changed. Normal castle construction consisted of thick stone walls, battlements, ample food storage for soldiers, and perhaps a moat or an internal spring. Builders constructed castles in various ways over time, creating many unique...
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Calypso, the Nymph Who Held Odysseus Captive Calypso was a beautiful nymph who lived alone on the isolated island of Ogygia. Her solitude changed...
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Calypso was a beautiful nymph who lived alone on the isolated island of Ogygia. Her solitude changed when the shipwrecked hero Odysseus washed ashore. Calypso fell in love with him and offered him immortality and an idyllic paradise in exchange for staying with her and marrying...
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Nietzsche vs. Schopenhauer’s Views on Life, Suffering, and the Will Does life weigh us down, or is it an adventure we should accept? Nietzsche and Schopenhauer...
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Does life weigh us down, or is it an adventure we should accept? Nietzsche and Schopenhauer disagreed deeply on the meaning of existence and the nature of human suffering. Schopenhauer, the original pessimist, thought that life inevitably brought pain and torment—and that the...
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Why Was Hope the Last Gift in Pandora’s Box? The story of Pandora’s box is a well-known tale about Pandora, the first woman according to ancient...
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The story of Pandora’s box is a well-known tale about Pandora, the first woman according to ancient Greek mythology, and a box given to her by the gods. Recounted in Hesiod’s Theogony and Works and Days, the box was originally conceptualized as a jar, only becoming a box when a...
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Top 10 Places to Visit in Athens, Greece According to many flight crews, the most beautiful city from above is Athens. Its hilly landscape...
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According to many flight crews, the most beautiful city from above is Athens. Its hilly landscape features vast olive groves, palm tree-lined coastal avenues, and urban neighborhoods sprawling across the Attic peninsula. The city is even more breathtaking from the ground, with...
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How a 7th-Century War Game Transformed Into a Symbol of Intelligence The game of chess has a history spanning over a thousand years, evolving from the ancient Indian...
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The game of chess has a history spanning over a thousand years, evolving from the ancient Indian game of chaturanga into a modern global sport. Shaped by cultural exchange, conquest, and innovation, its rules and strategies have transformed dramatically. Today, modern chess...
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Discover the Irish Ogham, the Medieval “Tree Alphabet” Ogham, sometimes referred to as Ogam, was the earliest form of Irish writing. Otherwise known as the...
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Ogham, sometimes referred to as Ogam, was the earliest form of Irish writing. Otherwise known as the “tree alphabet” because of its distinctive branch shapes, connections have often been drawn between the Ogham alphabet and the ancient Druids, an Iron Age class of Celtic...
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The Life of Seneca, the Stoic Philosopher Who Walked a Moral Tightrope Lucius Annaeus Seneca lived at a formative period in the history of imperial Rome. As a Stoic...
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Lucius Annaeus Seneca lived at a formative period in the history of imperial Rome. As a Stoic philosopher who preached virtue and self-restraint, he also served as an advisor to the infamous emperor Nero. His writings, such as his Letters to Lucilius and On the Shortness of Life,...
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What Is the Celtic Revival? (History, Art, and Impact) The Celtic Revival, which began in 19th-century Ireland, was a resurgence of popular interest in a...
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The Celtic Revival, which began in 19th-century Ireland, was a resurgence of popular interest in a variety of Celtic and medieval Irish traditions, including art, language, and mythology. The movement held great significance for Irish art history and archaeology, as well as for...
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The Enduring Legacy of Suetonius, Rome’s Most Controversial Biographer Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus was an ambitious imperial official under the Roman Emperor Hadrian,...
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Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus was an ambitious imperial official under the Roman Emperor Hadrian, whose name has come down through history for writing imperial biographies of Rome’s first emperors, called The Twelve Caesars. While his position at court gave him unique access to...
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How the Rivalry of Charles V, Francis I, and Henry VIII Shaped Europe In an age when the exercise of power was largely personal rather than corporate, the machinations of...
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In an age when the exercise of power was largely personal rather than corporate, the machinations of and rivalry between three great monarchs (Charles V, Henry VIII, Francis I) could and did have an enormous impact on the events of the time. Nearly every war, alliance, scandal,...
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The Real Story of the Legendary Ninja Hattori Hanzo The Sengoku Jidai was by far the most turbulent period in Japanese history. The country was split...
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The Sengoku Jidai was by far the most turbulent period in Japanese history. The country was split into dozens of separate domains. Various daimyo had their own ideas on how to rule the country and were willing to wage war for it. Some, like Hattori Hanzo Masanari, would be in...
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Why Was King James Such a Powerful Figure? Born James Charles Stuart, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, King James inherited the Scottish throne...
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Born James Charles Stuart, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, King James inherited the Scottish throne from his mother when she was forced to abdicate on July 24, 1567. He was only an infant when this dramatic life turn took place. Through a convoluted set of circumstances resulting...
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5 Sites Related to the Knights Templar in Portugal In Portugal, the Knights Templar left a remarkable legacy, impacting the country’s history,...
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In Portugal, the Knights Templar left a remarkable legacy, impacting the country’s history, architecture, and religion. In this article, you will learn how such a secretive religious order helped shape the future of a new kingdom and how they benefited from the king’s unwavering...
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The Draugr (Norse Undead) Who Haunted the Viking World The Vikings believed in life after death, but also that people could get caught between life and...
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The Vikings believed in life after death, but also that people could get caught between life and death. Returning as a revenant usually happened to evil people who clung to life for their own vile purposes. These zombie-like creatures were called, among other things, “draugr,”...
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An In-Depth Guide to the Christian Doctrine of God The doctrine of God as taught by Christian theologians differs from the conceptual God debated by...
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The doctrine of God as taught by Christian theologians differs from the conceptual God debated by philosophers and the inner God experienced by mystics. But how exactly is the God of the scholars and visionaries different from the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, as Pascal...
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What 1 & 2 Kings Reveal About Power and Faith First and Second Kings are one literary work that was divided into the two books we have today when...
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First and Second Kings are one literary work that was divided into the two books we have today when translators rendered the Hebrew text into the Greek Septuagint. That division was carried through to the Latin Vulgate and subsequently into modern Bible translations. The...
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How to Read the Books of the Prophets in the Bible Most people who have picked up a Bible have at some time thought: “Well… this makes no sense!” The...
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Most people who have picked up a Bible have at some time thought: “Well… this makes no sense!” The Bible is a dense collection of writings that was written over centuries. It is no wonder that it does not always make for easy reading. Many modern Christians are hesitant to dive...
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How Did Matisse’s Time in Moscow Shape His Fauvist Art? In 1911, Henri Matisse arrived in Moscow upon the invitation of a famous art collector called Sergei...
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In 1911, Henri Matisse arrived in Moscow upon the invitation of a famous art collector called Sergei Shchukin. Known for his radical taste, Shchukin acquired works by Matisse, Picasso, and Cezanne at a time when their art was scarcely accepted, even in Western circles. In Moscow,...
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What Led to the Rise and Fall of the Indus Civilization? Lost beneath Pakistan and India’s plains, the Indus—or Harappan—Civilization flourished between...
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Lost beneath Pakistan and India’s plains, the Indus—or Harappan—Civilization flourished between 2700-1900 BCE, building the ancient world’s biggest cities long before we even knew they existed. Unearthed only in 1924, these sites reveal no sprawling palaces, temples or writings,...
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The 6 Empires That Shaped the Bible Story The events recorded in the Bible cover thousands of years with thousands of proper names. One way to...
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The events recorded in the Bible cover thousands of years with thousands of proper names. One way to impose order on such complex material is to classify it in terms of the empires that were dominant at the time in which the major events occurred. This is an especially useful...
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The Origins & Symbolism of the Phoenix (From Ancient Greece to Christianity) The myth of the Phoenix is closely identified with stories from ancient Greek and Roman literature,...
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The myth of the Phoenix is closely identified with stories from ancient Greek and Roman literature, although there are Egyptian and Persian counterparts that may have outdated and influenced these. What is less well known are the references to the phoenix and phoenixlike birds...
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The Primordial Gods of Greek Mythology Who Preceded the Olympians According to Greek mythology, when the cosmos was created, it was initially inhabited by the first...
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According to Greek mythology, when the cosmos was created, it was initially inhabited by the first generation of beings known as the Primordial gods or Protogenoi (Firstborn). Many of these gods appeared fully formed at the moment of the cosmos’s creation. They personified the...
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When Was Homer’s Iliad Written? Unraveling the Controversy Homer’s Iliad tells the story of the Trojan War. Traditionally, that war has been dated to the late...
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Homer’s Iliad tells the story of the Trojan War. Traditionally, that war has been dated to the late Bronze Age, approximately c. 1200 BCE. However, the Iliad itself was not written that early in history. There is wide agreement that Homer—or whoever the true author of the Iliad...
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What Is the Great Commission? The Final Words of Jesus In the final verses of the Gospel of Matthew we find a passage that is often called “the Great...
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In the final verses of the Gospel of Matthew we find a passage that is often called “the Great Commission.” Matthew’s Gospel ends abruptly, with the resurrected Christ appearing to the disciples one last time and saying the words that would later become famous as the Great...
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Was “Bad” King John Really That Bad? Among the kings of England there have been eight Henrys, eight Edwards, and six Georges but there...
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Among the kings of England there have been eight Henrys, eight Edwards, and six Georges but there has only ever been one John. His successors did not want to be associated with the stain the name had in the minds of the English people. Considering what the monk Matthew Paris...
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How Did the Aztec Empire Rise and Fall in Mesoamerica? The Aztec Empire is among the most talked about Mesoamerican societies. The prominent empire spanned...
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The Aztec Empire is among the most talked about Mesoamerican societies. The prominent empire spanned between 1325 and 1521 CE and covered a significant portion of the modern-day regions of central and southern Mexico. While historians refer to the inhabitants as the Aztecs, they...
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How Gustave Moreau’s Mystical Paintings Defined the Symbolist Movement The late 19th century was a time of political and social upheaval in France. In response to the...
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The late 19th century was a time of political and social upheaval in France. In response to the changing cultural landscape, a small group of writers and artists struck out in defiance of the literal, natural art popular at the time. They turned their focus inward, using their...
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Demetrius “the Besieger” and the Epic Scramble for Alexander’s Empire Demetrius Poliorcetes, “the Besieger,” became central to the scramble for power following the death...
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Demetrius Poliorcetes, “the Besieger,” became central to the scramble for power following the death of Alexander the Great. The drama of his life is such that a historian described it as one that “still awaits a movie producer” (Chaniotis, 2018, 47). Ever-changing fortune cast...
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6 Key Themes For Understanding Confucianism William Theodore de Bary, sinologist and scholar of East Asian Philosophy at Columbia University,...
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William Theodore de Bary, sinologist and scholar of East Asian Philosophy at Columbia University, said that “if we were to characterize, in one word, the Chinese way of life for the last two thousand years, the word would be ‘Confucian.’”   The primary consideration of...
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A Journey Through Greece’s Byzantine & Venetian Heritage in Monemvasia Known as the “Gibraltar of the East,” Monemvasia is a rocky Greek island with a rich Byzantine and...
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Known as the “Gibraltar of the East,” Monemvasia is a rocky Greek island with a rich Byzantine and Venetian history. A completely walled city, its strategic location made it an important trading port for both empires. This combination made for a unique blend of cultures whose...
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How Dark Age Britain Created Welsh Mythology Many mythologies from around the world are based in a historical setting. For example, in the case...
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Many mythologies from around the world are based in a historical setting. For example, in the case of ancient Greek mythology, many scholars agree that much of it originates in some sense from Bronze Age Greece. What about Welsh mythology? Over the 20th century, many scholars...
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How the Renaissance Sparked a Religious Revolution in Europe The Renaissance was symbolic of an intellectual shift in Western Europe that emphasized and promoted...
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The Renaissance was symbolic of an intellectual shift in Western Europe that emphasized and promoted values such as education, individualism, and objectivity via humanist philosophies. This way of thinking had an impact on politics, art, and especially religion. The values...
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The Hidden Human Histories Buried in the Grand Canyon The Grand Canyon is one of Earth’s most incredible and iconic landmarks. But its sculpted stones and...
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The Grand Canyon is one of Earth’s most incredible and iconic landmarks. But its sculpted stones and carved canyons aren’t just a geological timeline. Humans have inhabited, worshipped, and traversed the region for thousands of years. Read on to discover how the hidden histories...
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Classical Sculpture Techniques and Their Surprising Influence on Modernism The thread between ancient and modern art was entwined. Artists of the modern art period employed...
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The thread between ancient and modern art was entwined. Artists of the modern art period employed classical sculpting techniques, materials, and sometimes themes in the creation of their own works of art. The methods and styles used before the first millennium were never fully...
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What Do We Know About the “Missing” Books of the Bible? In the early years of Christianity, following the time of the New Testament, multiple books were...
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In the early years of Christianity, following the time of the New Testament, multiple books were circulated around the newly formed churches. Among those books and letters, a consensus among the churches arose as to which ones were authentically written by an apostle of Jesus...
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What Did an Ottoman Sultan Eat In a Day? In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Ottoman palace kitchens were places where delicious and...
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In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Ottoman palace kitchens were places where delicious and innovative foods emerged. A sultan’s personal tastes, whether leaning towards savory or sweet, influenced the culinary culture of the court. Some of the sultan’s favorite foods, like...
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7 Real Characters from Arthurian Legends The Arthurian legends introduce many fascinating characters, including the selfless King Arthur with...
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The Arthurian legends introduce many fascinating characters, including the selfless King Arthur with his magical sword, the chivalrous Sir Lancelot with his scandalous love affair with Guinevere, and the magician Merlin, possibly a son of demons. As we focus on these lead...
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How Gutenberg’s Press Sparked a World-Changing Revolution The Gutenberg Press revolutionized how information was produced and disseminated, marking a...
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The Gutenberg Press revolutionized how information was produced and disseminated, marking a milestone in the history of book production in Europe. Produced in the mid-15th century by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, this innovative press combined the movable metal type with a screw...
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How Pegasus Sprang from Medusa and Soared to Olympus The immortal, white-winged stallion Pegasus is one of the most iconic creatures in Greek mythology....
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The immortal, white-winged stallion Pegasus is one of the most iconic creatures in Greek mythology. He was born from the tragic and brutal union of a god, a gorgon, and a hero’s sword. While Pegasus is primarily remembered as the devoted companion of the hero Bellerophon, his...
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9 Facts About Johnny Appleseed Few American legends are as widely known as the story of Johnny Appleseed. But as with many tales of...
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Few American legends are as widely known as the story of Johnny Appleseed. But as with many tales of Americana, it can be hard to separate fact from fiction. While Johnny was a real person, his moniker of “Appleseed” was not his actual last name but a nickname given to him for...
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The Gluttonous Roman Emperor Vitellius of 69 CE Vitellius was one of the four emperors who claimed power in the turbulent year that followed the...
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Vitellius was one of the four emperors who claimed power in the turbulent year that followed the death of the last Julio-Claudian, Nero. History is written by the victor, and after just eight months Vespasian ousted Vitellius and established the Flavian Dynasty. Consequently,...
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The Top 8 Archaeological Discoveries of 2025 (So Far) From lost royal tombs and underwater time capsules to mythic Greek sanctuaries and vibrant Roman...
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From lost royal tombs and underwater time capsules to mythic Greek sanctuaries and vibrant Roman frescoes, 2025 is already shaping up to be a landmark year for archaeology. These top archaeological discoveries span thousands of years and multiple continents.   1. Valley of the...
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The Unique History of Wales (From the Stone Age) Many people are confused and think that Wales, in the United Kingdom, is a part of England,...
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Many people are confused and think that Wales, in the United Kingdom, is a part of England, something that angers most Welsh people due to the turbulent history between the two countries. Wales has a long and fascinating history, all of its own, characterized by consistent...
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What Were the Founding Principles of Monophysitism? Monophysitism is a belief that Jesus Christ had only one divine nature, rather than a nature that...
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Monophysitism is a belief that Jesus Christ had only one divine nature, rather than a nature that was both fully divine and fully human within one person. The Monophysite theology took various forms with various people over the early centuries of Christianity.   The Emergence of...
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Hygiene and Bathing in the Middle Ages The Middle Ages has a reputation for being a time when the average person lived in filth and...
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The Middle Ages has a reputation for being a time when the average person lived in filth and squalor, bathing was unheard of, and personal hygiene was a foreign concept. But is this true? There is no simple answer to this question since the Middle Ages lasted almost a thousand...
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What the Bubonic Plague Can Still Teach Us About Civilization Collapse From 1347 to 1353, the Bubonic Plague, more commonly referred to as the Black Death, wracked the...
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From 1347 to 1353, the Bubonic Plague, more commonly referred to as the Black Death, wracked the continent of Europe. It was a time of misery and suffering as almost half of Europe’s population succumbed to the disease, sending shockwaves throughout the continent and forcing...
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How Hagia Sophia Survived Centuries of Religious and Political Change Rising at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Hagia Sophia is more than a marvel of architecture. For...
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Rising at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Hagia Sophia is more than a marvel of architecture. For over 1,500 years, Istanbul’s international treasure has witnessed the rise and fall of empires and the shifting tides of faith. How did a singular structure survive centuries of...
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The Upstart Roman Emperor Otho Who Claimed Nero’s Legacy Marcus Silvius Otho has gone down in history for claiming the position of emperor of Rome for a...
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Marcus Silvius Otho has gone down in history for claiming the position of emperor of Rome for a short three-month period in 69 CE. This was during the year of volatility that followed the death of the last Julio-Claudian emperor, Nero, known as the Year of the Four Emperors. A...
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Get to Know Venerable Bede, the Father of English History Bede is remembered today chiefly as a historian. Yet he was a dynamic intellectual giant in the...
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Bede is remembered today chiefly as a historian. Yet he was a dynamic intellectual giant in the Early Middle Ages and his most famous historical work is far more than a dry recounting of events. Let us explore Bede, his History, and the influence that it has had.   Northumbria in...
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9 Things to Know About Giorgio Morandi, the Master of Still Life Giorgio Morandi was an Italian artist best known for his still life paintings of bottles and vases....
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Giorgio Morandi was an Italian artist best known for his still life paintings of bottles and vases. Morandi focused not on bold concepts or bright imagery but on composition and color. He deliberately stripped his objects of their practical functions to focus on pure form. Read...
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King Tut: The Life & Afterlife of the Boy Pharaoh When Howard Carter cracked open a forgotten tomb in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings in 1922, the world...
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When Howard Carter cracked open a forgotten tomb in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings in 1922, the world met a golden face that would become immortal. But behind the glittering mask of Tutankhamun was a sickly teenage boy, born into chaos and nearly forgotten forever. The life of King...
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Who Were the Famous Pompeii Victims? In 79 CE, the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed by the powerful eruption of...
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In 79 CE, the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed by the powerful eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Up to 16,000 victims were buried under ash and rubble or suffocated from poisonous gases. Many of such bodies left silhouette-shaped cavities in compressed ash....
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Real Person or Myth? The Truth About King Arthur Did King Arthur really exist? That question has occupied the minds of historians for centuries. Even...
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Did King Arthur really exist? That question has occupied the minds of historians for centuries. Even in the medieval era, as early as the century in which Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote his Arthurian account, scholars doubted the truth behind much of the Arthurian legends. In more...
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How the Mycenaeans Conquered the Minoans & Took Crete The Bronze Age Aegean in the eastern Mediterranean region had several distinct groups and they...
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The Bronze Age Aegean in the eastern Mediterranean region had several distinct groups and they included the Mycenaeans, who lived in mainland Greece, and the Minoans on the island of Crete. Although the cultures are often studied separately, they were somewhat linked. This is...
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What Did the Emancipation Proclamation Do? Issued by President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, this executive order declared freedom for...
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Issued by President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, this executive order declared freedom for enslaved people in Confederate territories. Although its immediate impact was limited by enforcement challenges, its symbolic power redefined the nation’s purpose and the very...
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How Odysseus Survived the Terrifying Sea Monsters Scylla and Charybdis Scylla and Charybdis appear mainly in book twelve of Homer’s Odyssey, in which Odysseus and his crew...
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Scylla and Charybdis appear mainly in book twelve of Homer’s Odyssey, in which Odysseus and his crew must sail through the rocks near where the monsters live. Little information is known about their origins, though some stories are provided in myth. Scylla and Charybdis were...
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What Are the Literary Sources for the Trojan War? When considering the Trojan War, most people think of Homer’s epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey....
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When considering the Trojan War, most people think of Homer’s epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. But these two defining works only tell part of the story. The Iliad is set in the ninth year of a ten-year war, and the Odyssey is the tale of a hero returning after the conflict....
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How Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus Almost Revolutionized the Roman Republic Rivalries between brothers are a recurring motif throughout Roman history. From the bloody struggle...
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Rivalries between brothers are a recurring motif throughout Roman history. From the bloody struggle between Romulus and Remus during the city’s mythological origins, through to Caracalla’s brutal murder of his brother Geta in the early 3rd century CE, happy families could be rare...
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How John Everett Millais’ Life & Work Shaped the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Along with William Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais was one of the...
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Along with William Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais was one of the founding members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in September 1848. Throughout the early 1850s, John Everett Millais created many works of art that would define the Pre-Raphaelite art...
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What Was the Significance of Philippi and Colossae in Biblical History? The Apostle Paul traveled throughout much of the Roman Empire in the first century spreading...
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The Apostle Paul traveled throughout much of the Roman Empire in the first century spreading Christianity and preaching to people and churches. Two of the cities he visited were Philippi in Greece and Colossae in Asia Minor (now Turkey).   Philippi Before Paul Arrived   Philippi...
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How Solomon’s Wisdom Shaped a Kingdom Solomon is synonymous with the honor, prosperity, and riches of Israel. These material things were...
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Solomon is synonymous with the honor, prosperity, and riches of Israel. These material things were never his goal but were the result of his desire to serve God as a trustworthy steward of his people. Solomon’s wish was to have the insight to distinguish between good and evil and...
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Cimbrian War: Rome’s Greatest Threat Since Hannibal In the middle of the 2nd century BCE, the Roman Republic had fought and won several overseas wars....
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In the middle of the 2nd century BCE, the Roman Republic had fought and won several overseas wars. Carthage had been decisively defeated in the Third Punic War, while the Greeks and Macedonians in the east had also been brought to heel. However, by the end of the century, war...
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Where Was the Biblical Saba (Land of the Queen of Sheba)? Strap on your metaphorical scuba gear because we’re about to dive into the murky depths of history,...
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Strap on your metaphorical scuba gear because we’re about to dive into the murky depths of history, myth, and archaeological intrigue surrounding Saba—the golden land of the fabled Queen Makeda. What was Saba really like? How did its people live, and what did its cities look...
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Everything You Should Know About the Book of Isaiah The Book of Isaiah speaks to some of the darkest days of Israel and Judah yet contains some of the...
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The Book of Isaiah speaks to some of the darkest days of Israel and Judah yet contains some of the most beautiful passages in the Bible, bringing hope and presenting the Messianic promise of salvation and restoration. The book spans several centuries beginning with the time of...
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Who Were King Solomon’s Many Wives and Concubines? King Solomon pulled the ultimate biblical no-no: he married foreign women and allowed them to keep...
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King Solomon pulled the ultimate biblical no-no: he married foreign women and allowed them to keep practicing their own religions. In his zeal to cement political alliances through marriage, he gained a reputation for faithlessness—and divine punishment soon followed. But who...
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How Did Geographical Discoveries Shape Johannes Vermeer’s Artworks? Only around 35 paintings by Johannes Vermeer survive today, but they still captivate viewers of all...
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Only around 35 paintings by Johannes Vermeer survive today, but they still captivate viewers of all ages and backgrounds. This is evident from the ocean of merchandise featuring his masterpieces and the fame of the Girl with a Pearl Earring, which appears in pop culture almost as...
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The Passionate (& Controversial) Relationship of Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera In 1929, 22-year-old Mexican painter Frida Kahlo married muralist Diego Rivera, who was two decades...
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In 1929, 22-year-old Mexican painter Frida Kahlo married muralist Diego Rivera, who was two decades her senior. More than lovers, their mutual influence was most prominent in their respective artistic creations. Their admiration for each other’s talent, as well as a shared belief...
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How Did Venice and Byzantium Become Bitter Rivals? The Byzantine Empire emerged as the surviving half of the Roman Empire, while the western half...
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The Byzantine Empire emerged as the surviving half of the Roman Empire, while the western half crumbled. Unlike the West, the Eastern Empire, after 476 CE, remained stable, with a strong military and capable administrators. Marked changes did occur as Greek culture, language, and...
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What Is Structuralism? (Definition & Facts) Structuralists say structures can be uncovered anywhere—from human behavior to star clusters and...
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Structuralists say structures can be uncovered anywhere—from human behavior to star clusters and snowflakes to mathematics. In fact, structuralism offers a kind of mathematization of the entirety of nature, even systems that were once considered too complicated to model, such as...
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Porto for Art Lovers: Galleries, Architecture, and Street Art Porto is famous for its incredible past and its monuments. This mesmerizing city holds some of the...
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Porto is famous for its incredible past and its monuments. This mesmerizing city holds some of the most iconic historical buildings in the country besides renowned contemporary art galleries.   Baroque, Neo-Classical, and Art Nouveau Landmarks   Igreja and Torre dos Clérigos  ...