This bird-eye diagram of lower Manhattan appeared in a Harpers Magazine article from 1908 titled “The Story of a Street.”  In 1844 the Dutch governor of New Amsterdam ordered the town’s citizens to construct a cattle guard at the north end of the settlement to keep the cattle in and the Indians out. Lower Manhattan, beforeland fillingwas much narrower than it is today. The cattle guard may have stretched all the way from the East River to the North (now Hudson) River but at a minimum extended from Pearl St to Broadway, covering most of this distance. The original guard was likely made of trees that had been cut down and piled up. There were approximately two hundred houses within this enclosed area. After some peaceful years, the administration began to feel more of a threat from the Indians and the British. A wooden fence was ordered built about 40-50 feet south of the cattle guard, along the southern line of what would become Wall Street. There were two gates in the wall to allow for commerce, one at Broadway and another at Pearl St. A couple of years later, seeing how much of the wall had been chopped down by residents for firewood, the barricades were rebuilt. This did not stop the British, who came by sea and were welcomed by many residents after suffering much misrule from the Dutch. As the city grew and wall maintenance costs mounted, pressures mounted to take the wall down. Real estate speculators built lots to the north and finally, in 1699 New York ceased to be a walled city. Some interesting items from the map include the Bowerie (Bowery), an antiquated Dutch word for farm that was north of the cattle guard and the Heere Graft canal, now Broad Street. The cattle guard was interrupted by this canal.   Unrelated side note: I hate self promotion so I regret to inform you that Map of the Week is now the Number One Cartography Blog according to Feedspot. They even gave me a badge. You can see it on the sidebar but also here it is below. Their rankings are determined by “relevancy, authority, social media followers & freshness“ so I guess I’m feeling pretty fresh! I know many of the other people on their list and I am quite honored to be among them, let alone ranked above them. Thanks to all you readers for helping make me relevant and fresh!

I was not aware of Karen Wynn Fonstad until a recent article from the New York Times “Overlooked” series. Overlooked are obituaries about people whose deaths (in this case in 2005) were unreported in the Times. Fonstad created the Atlas of Middle Earth to accompany the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. -via New York Times She had become enchanted with Tolkien’s works. Having studied cartography and completed a Master’s degree in Geography, she pitched the idea of creating an atlas to Tolkien’s American publisher. While Tolkien and his son drew the original maps* Fonstad’s atlas represents a complete picture of Middle Earth during all of its ages and across all of Tolkien’s books. It discusses the geology behind land formations and includes city maps and floor plans or important buildings. Here is a detail of Frodo and Sam’s route to Mount Doom. -via Wikipedia  Her work was well received by Tolkien fans and scholars alike. To illustrate her impressive landscape details, here is the southern section of the Misty Mountains. They have a nice Swiss Topo look. -from the American Geographical Society *also note the illustrations of Pauline Baynes

Alaska’s famous Iditarod dog sled race concluded last week. Global warming meant the route needed to be moved further north to start at Fairbanks instead of Anchorage. -Map via Anchorage Daily News While not the first time the route has run from Fairbanks, this year’s race was not planned to go along the northern route. The route was abruptly changed due to “low snow” conditions and reports that a challenging section of the trail was “completely bare, down to the dirt and rocks.” While there was still the ceremonial start in Anchorage, even that had to be shortened from 11 miles to a quick one and a half mile jaunt because there’s no snow on the ground. The snow along the truncated route was brought in from elsewhere and dumped along the course.

Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, a Native American artist died a few weeks ago. Her artwork highlighted a Native worldview juxtaposed with American pop culture and included many maps. -via Center for Public Art History In State Names (2000) paint drips obscure the European derived names as well as state and national boundaries. Maps such as Memory Map (2000) highlight experiences over delineation of geographic boundaries. -via Whitney Museum of American Art Here is a detail from State Names Map: Cahokia (2023) -via St Louis Art Museum. The message from Smoke Signals Map (2021) is quite clear. You can see much more of her work on her web site. I will end with Adios Map (2021), showing different ways to say goodbye - to lives lost in pandemic, land destroyed by climate change among other goodbyes.