About 1.5 years ago I ventured into 3D printing by building a VORON Trident. It was a very fun project and I’ve even used the printer quite a bit. Naturally, I had to build another one and this time I opted for the cute VORON 0. Why another printer? I really like my VORON Trident and it’ll continue to be my main printer for the foreseeable future but a second printer would do two important things for me: Act as a backup printer if my Trident breaks. A printer made partially of printed parts is great as you can easily repair it… But only if you have a working printer to print the parts. It would also be very annoying if I disassemble the printer because I want to mod it and realize I’ve forgotten to print a part I needed. Building printers are really fun. Building the VORON Trident is one of my most fun and rewarding projects I’ve done. Why a VORON 0? These properties makes the VORON 0 an ideal secondary printer for me: You need to assemble the VORON 0 yourself (a feature not a bug) Prints ABS/ASA well (for printer parts) Very moddable and truly open source It’s tiny The VORON 0 to the left and the VORON Trident 250 to the right. It’s really small, which is perfect for me as I have a limited amount of space. It would be very fun to build a VORON 2.4 (or even a VORON Phoenix) but I really don’t have space for more printers. Getting the parts I opted to buy a kit instead of self-sourcing the parts as it’s usually cheaper and requires a lot less work, even if you replace some parts. This is what I ended up getting: A VORON 0 kit from Lecktor Parts for a Dragon Burner toolhead Parts for a Nevermore V4 active carbon filter Later on, I replaced the SKR Mini E3 V2 that came with the kit with the V3 Lots of delays I ordered a VORON 0 from Lecktor in February 2024 and it took roughly 4 months before I got the first shipment of parts and it wasn’t until the end of 2024 that I had received all the parts needed to complete the build. The wait was annoying… While I can’t complain about the quality of parts, with the massive delays I regret ordering from Lecktor and in hindsight I should’ve ordered an LDO kit from 3DJake, like I was first considering. Printing parts myself So what do you do when you can’t start the build? You print parts! A box of some of the printed parts for the build (and many I later threw away). There’s something very satisfying with printing parts you then build a printer with. This time I wanted to make a colorful printer and I came up with this mix of filament: PolyLite ASA Yellow Formfutura EasyFil ABS Light Green Formfutura EasyFil ABS Light Blue Formfutura EasyFil ABS Magenta I think they made the printer look great. The build I won’t do as detailed of a build log as I did when building the VORON Trident but I tried to take some pictures. Scroll on! Frames and bed The linear Y-rails. The kit comes with the Kirigami bed mod. The frame with A/B motors. Building the bottom of the printer with feet, power supply, and display. MGN9 instead of MGN7 X-axis After I assembled the X-axis I noticed a problem: The carriage collides with the stock A drive. The reason is that the kit comes with MGN9 rails for the X-axis instead of the standard MGN7 rails. This required me to reprint modified A/B drives, X-carriage, and alignment tools. The carriage passes the modded B drive. Belts Starting to install the belt. The belt is tight. Dragon Burner toolhead I got the parts needed to build the standard mini stealthburner… But I’m attracted to playing around with new stuff and I decided to try out the Dragon Burner instead. I went with it because it’s quite popular, it has good cooling (I print a bunch of PLA), and I haven’t tried it out yet. The fans are inserted. I don’t care about LEDs so I inserted an opaque magenta part instead. I think it looks really good. The back of the Dragon Burner. I opted for the Rapido 2 instead of the Dragon that came with the kit because the Dragon has problems printing PLA. I was a bit confused on how to route the wires as there was very little space when mounting the toolhead on the carriage. Routing the wires close to the fans, clipping off the ears of the fans, and holding together it with cable ties in this way worked for me. Galileo 2 standalone Dragon Burner together with the Galileo 2 extruder mounted on the printer. For the extruder I opted for the standalone version of Galileo 2. I’ve used Galileo 2 on the Trident but I hated the push down latch it uses in the Stealthburner configuration. The latch eventually broke by pulling out a heat-set insert so I went back to the Clockwork 2 on the Trident, giving me the parts to rebuilt the Galileo for the VORON 0 in a standalone configuration. The parts for Galileo 2. There will be left-overs from the Stealthburner variant. The build was really fast and simple—compared to the Stealthburner variant it’s night and day. I didn’t even think to take a break for pictures. Nevermore filter Since I want to be able to print ABS I feel I need to have an activated carbon filter. I wanted to have an exhaust fan with a HEPA filter as well, but I’ll leave that to a mod in the future. The Nevermore V4 is an activated carbon filter that fits well in the VORON 0. I fastened the fan using a strip of VHB—it was a struggle to position it in the middle. The Nevermore is mounted standing in the side of the printer. Just remember to preload the extrusion with extra M3 nuts when you assemble the printer. (I’ve heard LDO has nuts you can insert after… Sounds great.) Panels With the panel and spool holder at the back. Please ignore the filament path in this picture, it’ll interfere with the rear belt when routed behind the umbilical cable. With the tophat and door installed. I’m slightly annoyed with the small gaps and holes the printer has (mainly between the tophat and the panels at the bottom half). I later changed some of the parts related to the top hat to match the colorscheme better. Wiring Wiring was simpler than for the Trident but it was harder to make the wiring pretty. Thank god I could cover it up. The underside of the printer with the power, 5V converter, display, and Z-motor. Back of the printer with the Raspberry Pi and MCU. Raspberry Pi The Raspberry Pi only has two cables; power and communication over the GPIO pins and a display via USB. The Pi communicates and gets power over the TFT connection on the MCU. Toolhead The kit came with a toolhead board and breakout board for an umbilical setup: The toolhead board. The breakout board. I did run into an issue where the polarity of the fans on the toolhead board did not match the polarity of the fans on the MCU, leading to some frustration where the fans refused to spin. I ended up swapping the polarity using the cables from the breakout board to the MCU. Chamber thermistor The MCU only has two thermistor ports and they’re used for the hotend and bed thermistors. For the chamber thermistor (that’s integrated into the breakout board) I use the MOSI pin on the SPI1 8-pin header: The chamber thermistor connected to MOSI and ground on the SPI1 header. SKR mini E3 v3 I got an SKR mini E3 v2 with the kit but I replaced it with the v3 for two reasons: FAN output, used for the Nevermore Filter A filament runout sensor There’s not much to say about the extra FAN output but the filament runout sensor has 3 pins, while VORON 0.2 style runout sensor has 3 pins. I reused the prepared y-endstop I got with the kit, scratched away some of the plastic to make the 2-pin connection fit the 3-pins on the MCU (the +5V pin isn’t needed): The filament runout sensor connected to E0-stop. Klipper setup I followed the VORON documentation and chose Mainsail as I’ve been happy with it on my Trident. I’m not going to describe everything and only call out some issues I had or extra steps I had to take. MCU firmware The VORON documentation assumes USB communication so the default firmware instructions didn’t work for me. According to BigTreeTech’s documentation if you communicate over USART2 (the TFT port) then you need to compile the firmware with Communication interface set to Serial (on USART2 PA3/PA2). You then need to use this klipper configuration: [mcu] serial: /dev/ttyAMA0 restart_method: command It took a long time for me to figure out as I had a display connected via USB, so I thought the display was the MCU and got stuck at a Your Klipper version is: xxx MCU(s) which should be updated: xxx error. Filament runout [filament_switch_sensor Filament_Runout_Sensor] pause_on_runout: True runout_gcode: PAUSE switch_pin: PC15 Chamber thermistor According to this comment this is the config to use the SPI header for a thermistor: [temperature_sensor chamber_temp] sensor_type: Generic 3950 sensor_pin: PA7 pullup_resistor: 10000 Works for me™ Display It’s easy to flash the display directly from the Raspberry Pi although the first firmware I built was too large. There are optional features you can remove but I removed too many so the configuration for the buttons wasn’t accepted. These were the features that ended up working for me: [*] Support GPIO "bit-banging" devices [*] Support LCD devices [ ] Support thermocouple MAX sensors [ ] Support adxl accelerometers [ ] Support lis2dw and lis3dh 3-axis accelerometers [ ] Support MPU accelerometers [*] Support HX711 and HX717 ADC chips [ ] Support ADS 1220 ADC chip [ ] Support ldc1612 eddy current sensor [ ] Support angle sensors [*] Support software based I2C "bit-banging" [*] Support software based SPI "bit-banging" Sensorless homing I was nervous setting up sensorless homing, fearing that without a physical switch the printer might decide to burn the motor against the edge or something. (I really have no idea how it works, hence my fear.) In the end it was straightforward. The VORON 0 example firmware was already configured for sensorless homing and the only things I had to do was: X-DIAG and Y-DIAG pins on the board Tweak the driver_SGTHRS values (I landed on 85 down from 255) And now I have sensorless homing working consistently. What confused me was that the sensorless homing guide and the homing macros it links to were slightly different from the VORON 0 example firmware and it wasn’t clear if I had to make all the changes or not. (I did not.) Some random issues I encountered In typical 3D printer fashion, you’ll always run into various issues, for example: I got the mcu shutdown: Timer too close error a few times. I don’t know what I did but it only happened a couple of times at beginning. The filament sensor had some consistency issues. Some extra tape on the bearing seemed to fix it. The filament keeps getting stuck in the extruder after unload. I’m still having issues but forgetting to tighten the nozzle and using a too short PTFE tube didn’t help. I had trouble getting the filament to stick to bed. Super frustrating to be honest. I re-calibrated the z offset and thumb screws a bunch of times and (right now) it seems to work fairly well. Even though you’re not supposed to need automatic bed leveling for a printer this small, I can’t help but miss the “just works” feeling I have with the Trident. Initial thoughts on the printer A model I printed for one of my kids. It came out really well. I haven’t printed that much with the printer yet but I have some positive things to say about it: Dragon Burner is great when printing PLA (which I use a lot). But I have some negative things to say too: horribly loud but the print movement is also too loud for my taste. It’s poorly insulated. For example there are gaps between the top hat and the rest of the printer that I don’t see a good way to cover up. Overall though I’m very happy with it. I wouldn’t recommend it as a first printer or to someone who just wants a tool that works out of the box, but for people like me who wanted to build a backup/secondary printer I think it’s great. What’s next? With a secondary printer finally up and running I can now start working on some significant mods for my Trident! This is the tentative plan right now: Inverted electronics mod. Replace Stealthburner with another toolhead, most likely A4T-toolhead. Build a BoxTurtle for multi-color support. But we’ll see when I manage to get to it. I’m not in a rush and I should take a little break and play with my VORON 0 and perhaps work on my other dozen or so projects that lie dormant.

I recently came upon a horror story where a developer was forced to switch editor from Neovim to Cursor and I felt I had to write a little to cleanse myself of the disgust I felt. Two different ways of approaching an editor I think that there’s two opposing ways of thinking about the tool that is an editor: Refuse to personalize anything and only use the basic features “An editor is a simple tool I use to get the job done.” Get stuck in configuration hell and spend tons of time tweaking minor things “An editor is a highly personalized tool that works the way I want.” These are the extreme ends of the spectrum to make a point and most developers will fall somewhere in between. It’s not a static proposition; I’ve had periods in my life where I’ve used the same Vim configuration for years and other times I’ve spent more time rewriting my Neovim config than doing useful things. I don’t differentiate between text editors and IDEs as I don’t find the distinction very meaningful. They’re all just editors. Freedom of choice is important Freedom of choice is more to be treasured than any possession earth can give. David O. McKay Some developers want zero configuration while others want to configure their editor so it’s just right. Either way is fine and I’ve met excellent developers from both sides. But removing the power of choice is a horrible idea as you’re forcing developers to work in a way they’re not comfortable with, not productive with, or simply don’t like. You’re bound to make some of the developers miserable or see them leave (usually the best ones who can easily find another job). To explain how important an editor might be to some people, I give you this story about Stephen Hendry—one of the most successful Snooker players ever—and how important his cue was to him: In all the years I’ve been playing I’ve never considered changing my cue. It was the first cue I ever bought, aged 13, picked from a cabinet in a Dunfermline snooker centre just because I liked the Rex Williams signature on it. I saved £40 to buy it. It’s a cheap bit of wood and it’s been the butt of other players’ jokes for ages. Alex Higgins said it was ‘only good for holdin’ up f*g tomatoes!’ But I insist on sticking with it. And I’ve won a lot of silverware, including seven World Championship trophies, with it. It’s a one-piece which I carry in a wooden, leather-bound case that’s much more expensive than the cue it houses. But in 2003, at Glasgow airport after a flight from Bangkok, it emerges through the rubber flaps on the carousel and even at twenty yards I can see that both case and cue are broken. Snapped almost clean in two, the whole thing now resembling some form of shepherd’s crook. The cue comes to where I’m standing, and I pick it up, the broken end dangling down forlornly. I could weep. Instead, I laugh. ‘Well,’ I say to my stunned-looking friend John, ‘that’s my career over.’ Stephen Hendry, The Mirror Small improvements leads to large long-term gains Kaizen isn’t about massive overhauls or overnight success. Instead, it focuses on small, continuous improvements that add up to significant long-term gains. What is Kaizen? A Guide to Continuous Improvement I firmly believe that even small improvements are worth it as they add up over time (also see compound interest and how it relates to financial investments). An editor is a great example where even small improvements may have a big effect for the simple reason that you spend so much time in your editor. I’ve spent hours almost every day inside (neo)vim since I started using it 15+ years ago. Even simple things like quickly changing text inside brackets (ci[) instead of selecting text with your mouse might save hundreds of hours during a programming career—and that’s just one example. Naturally, as a developer you can find small but worthwhile improvements in other areas too, for instance: Learning the programming languages and libraries you use a little better Customizing your keyboard and keyboard layout This is more for comfort and health than speed but that makes it even more important, not less. Increasing your typing speed Some people dismiss typing speed as they say they’re limited by their thinking, not typing. But the benefit of typing faster (and more fluidly) isn’t really the overall time spent typing vs thinking; it’s so you can continue thinking with as little interruption as possible. On some level you want to reduce the time typing in this chain: think… edit, think… edit, think… It’s also why the Vim way of editing is so good—it’s based on making small edits and to return quickly to normal (thinking) mode. Some people ask how can you afford to spend time practicing Vim commands or to configure your editor as it takes away time from work? But I ask you: with a programming career of several decades and tens of thousands of hours to spend in front of your computer, how can you afford not to? Neovim is versatile During the years I’ve done different things: Switched keyboard and keyboard layout multiple times. Been blogging and wrote a book. The one constant through all of this has been Neovim. Neovim may not have the best language specific integrations but it does everything well and the benefit of having the same setup for everything you do is not to be underestimated. It pairs nicely with the idea of adding up small improvements over time; every small improvement that I add to my Neovim workflow will stay with me no matter what I work with. I did use Emacs at work for years because their proprietary language only had an Emacs integration and I didn’t have the time nor energy to create one for Neovim. While Evil made the experience survivable I realized then that I absolutely hate having my work setup be different from my setup at home. People weren’t overjoyed with being unable to choose their own editor and I’ve heard rumors that there’s now an extension for Visual Studio. Neovim is easily extensible Neovim: a Personalized Development Environment TJ DeVries A different take on editing code I’ve always felt that Vimscript is the worst part of Vim. Maybe that’s a weird statement as the scriptability of Vim is one if it’s strengths; and to be fair, simple things are very nice: nnoremap j gj set expandtab But writing complex things in Vimscript is simply not a great experience. One of the major benefits of Neovim is the addition of Lua as a first-class scripting language. Yes, Lua isn’t perfect and it’s often too verbose but it’s so much better than Vimscript. Lua is the main reason that the Neovim plugin ecosystem is currently a lot more vibrant than in Vim. Making it easier to write plugins is of course a boon, but the real benefit is in how it makes it even easier to make more complex customization for yourself. Just plop down some Lua in the configuration files you already have and you’re done. (Emacs worked this out to an even greater extent decades ago.) One way I use this customizability is to help me when I’m blogging: Maybe you don’t need to create something this big but even small things such as disabling autoformat for certain file types in specific folders can be incredibly useful. Approachability should not be underestimated. While plugins in Lua is understandably the focus today, Neovim can still use plugins written in Vimscript and 99% of your old Vim configuration will still work in Neovim. Neovim won’t go anywhere The old is expected to stay longer than the young in proportion to their age. Nassim Nicholas Taleb, “Antifragile” The last big benefit with Neovim I’ll highlight—and why I feel fine with investing even more time into Neovim—is that Neovim will most likely continue to exist and thrive for years if not decades to come. While Vim has—after an impressive 30 years of development—recently entered maintenance mode, activity in Neovim has steadily increased since the fork from Vim more than a decade ago. The amount of high quality plugins, interest in Google trends, and GitHub activity have all been trending upwards. Neovim was also the most desired editor according to the latest Stackoverflow developer survey and the overall buzz and excitement in the community is at an all-time high. With the self-reinforced behavior and benefits of investing into a versatile and flexible editor with a huge plugin ecosystem such as Neovim I see no reason for the trend to taper off anytime soon. Neovim will probably never be as popular as something like VSCode but as an open source project backed by excited developers, Neovim will probably be around long after VSCode has been discontinued for The Next Big Thing.

I’ve been with Veronica for over a decade now and I think I’m starting to know her fairly well. Yet she still manages to surprise me. For instance, a couple of weeks ago she came and asked me about email security: I worry that my email password is too weak. Can you help me change email address and make it secure? It was completely unexpected—but I’m all for it. The action plan All heroic journeys needs a plan; here’s mine: .com surname was available). Migrate her email to Fastmail. Setup Bitwarden as a password manager. Use a YubiKey to secure the important services. Why a domain? If you ever want (or need) to change email providers it’s very nice to have your own domain. For instance, Veronica has a hotmail.com address but she can’t bring that with her if she moves to Fastmail. Worse, what if she gets locked out of her Outlook account for some reason? It might happen if you forget your password, someone breaks into your account, or even by accident. For example, Apple users recently got locked out of their Apple IDs without any apparent reason and Gmail has been notorious about locking out users for no reason. Some providers may be better but this is a systemic problem that can happen at any service. In almost all cases, your email is your key to the rest of your digital life. The email address is your username and to reset your password you use your email. If you lose access to your email you lose everything. When you control your domain, you can point the domain to a new email provider and continue with your life. Why pay for email? One of the first things Veronica told me when I proposed that she’d change providers was that she didn’t want to pay. It’s a common sentiment online that email must be cheap (or even free). I don’t think that email is the area where cost should be the most significant factor. As I argued for in why you should own your email’s domain, your email is your most important digital asset. If email is so important, why try to be cheap about it? You should spend your money on the important things and shouldn’t spend money on the unimportant things. Paying for email gives you a couple of nice things: Human support. It’s all too easy to get shafted by algorithms where you might get banned because you triggered some edge case (such as resetting your password outside your usual IP address). Ability to use your own domain. Having a custom domain is a paid feature at most email providers. A long-term viable business. How do you run an email company if you don’t charge for it? (You sell out your users or you close your business.) Why a password manager? The best thing you can do security wise is to adopt a password manager. Then you don’t have to try to remember dozens of passwords (leading to easy-to-remember and duplicate passwords) and can focus on remembering a single (stronger) password, confident that the password manager will remember all the rest. “Putting all your passwords in one basket” is a concern of course but I think the pros outweigh the cons. Why a YubiKey? To take digital security to the next level you should use two-factor authentication (2FA). 2FA is an extra “thing” in addition to your password you need to be able to login. It could be a code sent to your phone over SMS (insecure), to your email (slightly better), a code from a 2FA app on your phone such as Aegis Authenticator (good), or from a hardware token (most secure). It’s easy to think that I went with a YubiKey because it’s the most secure option; but the biggest reason is that a YubiKey is more convenient than a 2FA app. With a 2FA app you have to whip out your phone, open the 2FA app, locate the correct site, and then copy the TOTP code into the website (quickly, before the code changes). It’s honestly not that convenient, even for someone like me who’s used this setup for years. With a YubiKey you plug it into a USB port and press it when it flashes. Or on the phone you can use NFC. NFC is slightly more annoying compared to plugging it in as you need to move/hold it in a specific spot, yet it’s still preferable to having to jump between apps on the phone. There are hardware keys other than YubiKey of course. I’ve used YubiKey for years and have a good experience. Don’t fix what isn’t broken. The setup Here’s a few quick notes on how I setup her new accounts: Password management with Bitwarden The first thing we did was setup Bitwarden as the password manager for her. I chose the family plan so I can handle the billing. To give her access I installed Bitwarden as: I gave her a YubiKey and registered it with Bitwarden for additional security. As a backup I also registered my own YubiKeys on her account; if she loses her key we still have others she can use. Although it was a bit confusing for her I think she appreciates not having to remember a dozen different passwords and can simply remember one (stronger) password. We can also share passwords easily via Bitwarden (for news papers, Spotify, etc). The YubiKey itself is very user friendly and she hasn’t run into any usability issues. Email on Fastmail With the core security up and running the next step was to change her email: Gave her an email address on Fastmail with her own domain (<firstname>@<lastname>.com). She has a basic account that I manage (there’s a Duo plan that I couldn’t migrate to at this time). I secured the account with our YubiKeys and a generated password stored in Bitwarden. We bolstered the security of her old Hotmail account by generating a new password and registering our YubiKeys. Forward all email from her old Hotmail address to her new address. With this done she has a secure email account with an email address that she owns. As is proper she’s been changing her contact information and changing email address in her other services. It’s a slow process but I can’t be too critical—I still have a few services that use my old Gmail address even though I migrated to my own domain more than a decade ago. Notes on recovery and redundancy It’s great to worry about weak phishing, weak passwords, and getting hacked. But for most people the much bigger risk is to forget your password or lose your second factor auth, and get locked out that way. To reduce the risk of losing access to her accounts we have: YubiKeys for all accounts. The recovery codes for all accounts are written down and secured. My own accounts can recover her Bitwarden and Fastmail accounts via their built-in recovery functionality. Perfect is the enemy of good Some go further than we’ve done here, others do less, and I think that’s fine. It’s important to not compare yourself with others too much; even small security measures makes a big difference in practice. Not doing anything at all because you feel overwhelmed is worse than doing something, even something simple as making sure you’re using a strong password for your email account.

It’s time for my 15th yearly review. Nerdy things I enjoyed I read a lot of fantasy books this year! My favorite new series were The Kingkiller Chronicle, Gentlemen Bastards series, and The Stormlight Archive. If you’re curious about Sanderson’s books but a little apprehensive about jumping into a massive series such as The Stormlight Archive then I’ll recommend The Emperor’s Soul as an excellent little introduction. The standalone book Warbreaker is also fantastic (available for free on Brandon’s website). Customizing Neovim was fun and rewarding. It’s amazing I got anything productive done this year… I really enjoy working with Rust in my own hobby projects. Types are coming to Elixir and I’m loving it. (I recently migrated some small projects to v1.18 and found a bunch of errors.) The Gleam programming language shows a lot of promise. My one gripe is the pain of manually encoding/decoding JSON (even with the various libraries). Compared to for example Elixir dynamic encoding or Rust’s #[derive(Deserialize)] it just feels so bad that I’ve avoided Gleam for some projects. Shame on me? CSS is alive and better than ever. Things I accomplished I quit my job and started my own company. At the moment I’m focusing on consulting but maybe something else can grow from it one day? I wrote 26 blog posts—it was quite a productive blogging year for me. I built a custom keyboard together with a custom keyboard layout. Made the eBook for Why Cryptocurrencies? freely available and finally finished the How I wrote ‘Why Cryptocurrencies?’ series. I wrote a Tree-sitter grammar for Djot. I need to be more active maintaining it… But it’s hard to get motivated as I’ve got so many other interesting things I’d like to work on. Managing an open source project is not for the faint of heart (or the easily distracted). Finished the blog series about building my first 3D printer. I’m up to over 2100 printing hours with the machine so it’s safe to say I’ve been using it, not only playing around with. Rewrote my lighting home automation from Python to Elixir. I realized that meta-blogging is a great way to get virtual points on Hacker News. Tentative plans/goals/wishes for 2025 For some reason the idea of writing a fantasy novel got stuck in my head. I had a stint where I listened to dozens of hours of advice for aspiring writers and started planning a series. The excitement tapered off a bit during the Christmas holidays and I don’t know if this was just a temporary sidetrack or if it’s something I’ll actually end up doing. Design a one-handed keyboard layout. Again, this was just something my brain got stuck thinking about and I’m not sure if it’s just a fleeting idea or something I need to do so I can stop thinking about it. (Sometimes just a little planning plus solving the most difficult problems are enough—I don’t have to finish all the crazy/dumb ideas I get for my mind to consider them “done”.) Complete my second 3D printer. There’s no point in having a single printer; what if I break it and I can no longer print replacement parts for it? Develop my home automation system more. I’ve got a ton of things I’d like to improve (or play around with). For instance, yesterday I received the Home Assistant Voice Preview Edition that I hope works as well as advertised.