Here are a couple of neat papers that I came across in the last week.  (Planning to write something about multiferroics as well, once I have a bit of time.) The idea of directly extracting useful energy from the rotation of the earth sounds like something out of an H. G. Wells novel.  At a rough estimate (and it's impressive to me that AI tools are now able to provide a convincing step-by-step calculation of this; I tried w/ gemini.google.com) the rotational kinetic energy of the earth is about \(2.6 \times 10^{29}\) J.  The tricky bit is, how do you get at it?  You might imagine constructing some kind of big space-based pick-up coil and getting some inductive voltage generation as the earth rotates its magnetic field past the coil.  Intuitively, though, it seems like while sitting on the (rotating) earth, you should in some sense be comoving with respect to the local magnetic field, so it shouldn't be possible to do anything clever that way.  It turns out, though, that Lorentz forces still apply when moving a wire through the axially symmetric parts of the earth's field.  This has some conceptual contact with Faraday's dc electric generator.   With the right choice of geometry and materials, it is possible to use such an approach to extract some (tiny at the moment) power.  For the theory proposal, see here.  For an experimental demonstration, using thermoelectric effects as a way to measure this (and confirm that the orientation of the cylindrical shell has the expected effect), see here.  I need to read this more closely to decide if I really understand the nuances of how it works. On a completely different note, this paper came out on Friday.  (Full disclosure:  The PI is my former postdoc and the second author was one of my students.)  It's an impressive technical achievement.  We are used to the fact that usually macroscopic objects don't show signatures of quantum interference.  Inelastic interactions of the object with its environment effectively suppress quantum interference effects on some time scale (and therefore some distance scale).  Small molecules are expected to still show electronic quantum effects at room temperature, since they are tiny and their electronic levels are widely spaced, and here is a review of what this could do in electronic measurements.  Quantum interference effects should also be possible in molecular vibrations at room temperature, and they could manifest themselves through the vibrational thermal conduction through single molecules, as considered theoretically here.  This experimental paper does a bridge measurement to compare the thermal transport between a single-molecule-containing junction between a tip and a surface, and an empty (farther spaced) twin tip-surface geometry.  They argue that they see differences between two kinds of molecules that originate from such quantum interference effects. As for more global issues about the US research climate, there will be more announcements soon about reductions in force and the forthcoming presidential budget request.  (Here is an online petition regarding the plan to shutter the NIST atomic spectroscopy group.)  Please pay attention to these issues, and if you're a US citizen, I urge you to contact your legislators and make your voice heard.

Another busy day at the APS Global Physics Summit.  Here are a few highlights: Shahal Ilani of the Weizmann gave an absolutely fantastic talk about his group's latest results from their quantum twisting microscope.  In a scanning tunneling microscope, because tunneling happens at an atomic-scale location between the tip and the sample, the momentum in the transverse direction is not conserved - that is, the tunneling averages over a huge range of \(\mathbf{k}\) vectors for the tunneling electron.  In the quantum twisting microscope, electrons tunnel from a flat (graphite) patch something like \(d \sim\) 100 nm across, coherently, through a couple of layers of some insulator (like WSe2) and into a van der Waals sample.  In this case, \(\mathbf{k}\) in the plane is comparatively conserved, and by rotating the sample relative to the tip, it is possible to build up a picture of the sample's electronic energy vs. \(\mathbf{k}\) dispersion, rather like in angle-resolved photoemission.  This has allowed, e.g., mapping of phonons via inelastic tunneling.  His group has applied this to magic angle twisted bilayer graphene, a system that has a peculiar combination of properties, where in some ways the electrons act like very local objects, and in other ways they act like delocalized objects.  The answer seems to be that this system at the magic angle is a bit of an analog of a heavy fermion system, where there are sort of local moments (living in very flat bands) interacting and hybridizing with "conduction" electrons (bands crossing the Fermi level at the Brillouin zone center).  The experimental data (movies of the bands as a function of energy and \(\mathbf{k}\) in the plane as the filling is tuned via gate) are gorgeous and look very much like theoretical models. I saw a talk by Roger Melko about applying large language models to try to get efficient knowledge of many-body quantum states, or at least the possible outputs of evolution of a quantum system like a quantum computer based on Rydberg atoms.  It started fairly pedagogically, but I confess that I got lost in the AI/ML jargon about halfway through. Francis M. Ross, recipient of this year's Keithley Award, gave a great talk about using transmission electron microscopy to watch the growth of materials in real time.  She had some fantastic videos - here is a review article about some of the techniques used.  She also showed some very new work using a focused electron beam to make arrays of point defects in 2D materials that looks very promising. Steve Kivelson, recipient of this year's Buckley Prize, presented a very nice talk about his personal views on the theory of high temperature superconductivity in the cuprates.  One basic point:  these materials are balancing between multiple different kinds of emergent order (spin density waves, charge density waves, electronic nematics, perhaps pair density waves).   This magnifies the effects of quenched disorder, which can locally tip the balance one way or another.  Recent investigations of the famous 2D square lattice Hubbard model show this as well.  He argues that the ground state of the Hubbard model for a broad range \(1/2 < U/t < 8\), where \(U\) is the on-site repulsion and \(t\) is the hopping term, the ground state is in fact a charge density wave, not a superconductor.  However, if there is some amount of disorder in the form of \(\delta t/t \sim 0.1-0.2\), the result is a robust, unavoidable superconducting state.  He further argues that increasing the superconducting transition temperature requires striking a balance between the underdoped case (strong pairing, weak superfluid phase stiffness) and the overdoped case (weak pairing, strong superfluid stiffness), and that one way to achieve this would be in a bilayer with broken mirror symmetry (say different charge reservoir layers above and below, and/or a big displacement field perpendicular to the plane).  (Apologies for how technical that sounded - hard to reduce that one to something super accessible without writing much more.) A bit more tomorrow before I depart back to Houston.

I spent a portion of today catching up with old friends and colleagues, so fewer highlights, but here are a couple: Like a few hundred other people, I went to the invited talk by Chetan Nayak, leader of Microsoft's quantum computing effort. It was sufficiently crowded that the session chair warned everyone about fire code regulations and that people should not sit on the floor blocking the aisles.  To set the landscape:  Microsoft's approach to quantum computing is to develop topological qubits based on interesting physics that is predicted to happen (see here and here) if one induces superconductivity (via the proximity effect) in a semiconductor nanowire with spin-orbit coupling.  When the right combination of gate voltage and external magnetic field is applied, the nanowire should cross into a topologically nontrivial state with majorana fermions localized to each end of the nanowire, leading to "zero energy states" seen as peaks in the conductance \(dI/dV\) centered at zero bias (\(V=0\)).  A major challenge is that disorder in these devices can lead to other sources of zero-bias peaks (Andreev bound states).  A 2023 paper outlines a protocol that is supposed to give good statistical feedback on whether a given device is in the topologically interesting or trivial regime.  I don't want to rehash the history of all of this.  In a paper published last month, a single proximitized, gate-defined InAs quantum wire is connected to a long quantum dot to form an interferometer, and the capacitance of that dot is sensed via RF techniques as a function of the magnetic flux threading the interferometer, showing oscillations with period \(h/2e\), interpreted as charge parity oscillations of the proximitized nanowire.  In new data, not yet reported in a paper, Nayak presented measurements on a system comprising two such wires and associated other structures.  The argument is that each wire can be individually tuned simultaneously into the topologically nontrivial regime via the protocol above.  Then interferometer measurements can be performed in one wire (the Z channel) and in a configuration involving two ends of different wires (the X channel), and they interpret their data as early evidence that they have achieved the desired majorana modes and their parity measurements.  I look forward to when a paper is out on this, as it is hard to make informed statements about this based just on what I saw quickly on slides from a distance.   In a completely different session, Garnet Chan gave a very nice talk about applying advanced quantum chemistry and embedding techniques to look at some serious correlated materials physics.  Embedding methods are somewhat reminiscent of mean field theories:  Instead of trying to solve the Schrödinger equation for a whole solid, for example, you can treat the solid as a self-consistent theory of a unit cell or set of unit cells embedded in a more coarse-grained bath (made up of other unit cells appropriately averaged).  See here, for example. He presented recent results on computing the Kondo effect of magnetic impurities in metals, understanding the trends of antiferromagnetic properties of the parent cuprates, and trying to describe superconductivity in the doped cuprates.  Neat stuff. In the same session, my collaborator Silke Buehler-Paschen gave a nice discussion of ways to use heavy fermion materials to examine strange metals, looking beyond just resistivity measurements.  Particularly interesting is the idea of trying to figure out quantum Fisher information, which in principle can tell you how entangled your many-body system is (that is, estimating how many other degrees of freedom are entangled with one particular degree of freedom).  See here for an intro to the idea, and here for an implementation in a strange metal, Ce3Pd20Si6.   More tomorrow.... (On a separate note, holy cow, the trade show this year is enormous - seems like it's 50% bigger than last year.  I never would have dreamed when I was a grad student that you could go to this and have your pick of maybe 10 different dilution refrigerator vendors.  One minor mystery:  Who did World Scientific tick off?  Their table is located on the completely opposite side of the very large hall from every other publisher.)

The APS Global Physics Summit is an intimate affair, with a mere 14,000 attendees, all apparently vying for lunch capacity for about 2,000 people.   The first day of the meeting was the usual controlled chaos of people trying to learn the layout of the convention center while looking for talks and hanging out having conversations.  On the plus side, the APS wifi seems to function well, and the projectors and slide upload system are finally technologically mature (though the pointers/clickers seem to have some issues).  Some brief highlights of sessions I attended: I spent the first block of time at this invited session about progress in understanding quantum spin liquids and quantum spin ice.  Spin ices are generally based on the pyrochlore structure, where atoms hosting local magnetic moments sit at the vertices of corner-sharing tetrahedra, as I had discussed here.  The idea is that the crystal environment and interactions between spins are such that the moments are favored to satisfy the ice rules, where in each tetrahedron two moments point inward toward the center and two point outward.  Classically there are a huge number of spin arrangements that all have about the same ground state energy.  In a quantum spin ice, the idea is that quantum fluctuations are large, so that the true ground state would be some enormous superposition of all possible ice-rule-satistfying configurations.  One consequence of this is that there are low energy excitations that look like an emergent form of electromagnetism, including a gapless phonon-like mode.  Bruce Gaulin spoke about one strong candidate quantum spin ice, Ce2Zr2O7, in a very pedagogical talk that covered all this.  A relevant recent review is this one.   There were two other talks in the session also about pyrochlores, an experimentally focused one by Sylvain Petit discussing Tb2Ti2O7 (see here), and a theory talk by Yong-Baek Kim focused again on the cerium zirconate.    Also in the session was an interesting talk by Jeff Rau about K2IrCl6, a material with a completely different structure that (above its ordering temperature of 3 K) acts like a "nodal line spin liquid". In part because I had students speaking there, I also attended a contributed session about nanomaterials (wires, tubes, dots, particles, liquids).  There were some neat talks.  The one that I found most surprising was from the Cha group at Cornell, where they were using a method developed by the Schroer group at Yale (see here and here) to fabricate nanowires of two difficult to grow, topologically interesting metals, CoIn3 and RhIn3.  The idea is to create a template with an array of tubular holes, and squeeze that template against a bulk crystal of the desired material at around 350C, so that the crystal is extruded into the holes to form wires.  Then the template can be etched away and the wires recovered for study.  I'm amazed that this works. In the afternoon, I went back and forth between the very crowded session on fractional quantum anomalous Hall physics in stacked van der Waals materials, and a contributed session about strange metals.  Interesting stuff for sure. I'm still trying to figure out what to see tomorrow, but there will be another update in the evening.