If you talk to enough aspiring leaders, you’ll become familiar with the prevalent idea that they need to be promoted before they can work on strategy. It’s a truism, but I’ve also found this idea perfectly wrong: you can work on strategy from anywhere in an organization, it just requires different tactics to do so. Both Staff Engineer and The Engineering Executive’s Primer have chapters on strategy. While the chapters’ contents are quite different, both present a practical path to advancing your organization’s thinking about complex topics. This chapter explains my belief that anyone within an organization can make meaningful progress on strategy, particularly if you are honest about the tools accessible to you, and thoughtful about how to use them. The themes we’ll dig into are: How to do strategy as an engineer, particularly an engineer who hasn’t been given explicit authority to do strategy Doing strategy as an engineering executive who is responsible for your organization’s decision-making How you can do engineering strategy even when you depend on an absent strategy, cannot acknowledge parts of the diagnosis because addressing certain problems is politically sensitive, or struggle with pockets of misaligned incentives If this book’s argument is that everyone should do strategy, is there anyone who, nonetheless, really should not do strategy? By the end, you’ll hopefully agree that engineering strategy is accessible to everyone, even though you’re always operating within constraints. This is an exploratory, draft chapter for a book on engineering strategy that I’m brainstorming in #eng-strategy-book. As such, some of the links go to other draft chapters, both published drafts and very early, unpublished drafts. Doing strategy as an engineer It’s easy to get so distracted by executive’s top-down approach to strategy that you convince yourself that there aren’t other approachable mechanisms to doing strategy. There are! Staff Engineer introduces an approach I call Take five, then synthesize, which does strategy by: Documenting how five current and historical related decisions have been made in your organization. This is an extended exploration phase Synthesizing those five documents into a diagnosis and policy. You are naming the implicit strategy, so it’s impossible for someone to reasonably argue you’re not empowered to do strategy: you’re just describing what’s already happening At that point, either the organization feels comfortable with what you’ve written–which is their current strategy–or it doesn’t in which case you’ve forced a conversation about how to revise the approach. Creating awareness is often enough to drive strategic change, and doesn’t require any explicit authorization from an executive to do. When awareness is insufficient, the other pattern I’ve found highly effective in low-authority scenarios is an approach I wrote about in An Elegant Puzzle, and call model, document, and share: Model the approach you want others to adopt. Make it easy for them to observe how you’ve changed the way you’re doing things. Document the approach, the thinking behind it, and how to adopt it. Share the document around. If people see you succeeding with the approach, then they’re likely to copy it from you. You might be skeptical because this is an influence-based approach. However, as we’ll discuss in the next section, even executive-driven strategy is highly dependent on influence. Strategy archaeology Vernor Vinge’s A Deepness in the Sky, published in 1999, introduced the term software archaeologists, folks who created functionality by cobbling together millennia of scraps of existing software. Although it’s a somewhat different usage, I sometimes think of the “take five, then synthesize” approach as performing strategy archaeology. Simply by recording what has happened in the past, we make it easier to understand the present, and influence the future. Doing strategy as an executive The biggest misconception about executive roles, frequently held by non-executives and new executives who are about to make a series of regrettable mistakes, is that executives operate without constraints. That is false: executives have an extremely high number of constraints that they operate under. Executives have budgets, CEO visions, peers to satisfy, and a team to motivate. They can disappoint any of these temporarily, but long-term have to satisfy all of them. Nonetheless, it is true that executives have more latitude to mandate and cajole participation in the strategies that they sponsor. The Engineering Executive’s Primer’s chapter on strategy is a brief summary of this entire book, but it doesn’t say much about how executive strategy differs from non-executive strategy. How the executive’s approach to strategy differs from the engineer’s can be boiled down to: Executives can mandate following of their strategy, which empowers their policy options. An engineer can’t prevent the promotion of someone who refused to follow their policy, but an executive can. Mandates only matter if there are consequences. If an executive is unwilling to enforce consequences for non-compliance with a mandate, the ability to issue a mandate isn’t meaningful. This is also true if they can’t enforce a mandate because of lack of support from their peer executives. Even if an executive is unwilling to use mandates, they have significant visibility and access to their organization to advocate for their preferred strategy. Neither access nor mandates improve an executive’s ability to diagnose problems. However, both often create the appearance of progress. This is why executive strategies can fail so spectacularly and endure so long despite failure. As a result, my experience is that executives have an easier time doing strategy, but a much harder time learning how to do strategy well, and fewer protections to avoid serious mistakes. Further, the consequences of an executive’s poor strategy tend to be much further reaching than an engineer’s. Waiting to do strategy until you are an executive is a recipe for disaster, even if it looks easier from a distance. Doing strategy in other roles Even if you’re neither an engineer nor an engineering executive, you can still do engineering strategy. It’ll just require an even more influence-driven approach. The engineering organization is generally right to believe that they know the most about engineering, but that’s not always true. Sometimes a product manager used to be an engineer and has significant relevant experience. Other times, such as the early adoption of large language models, engineers don’t know much either, and benefit from outside perspectives. Doing strategy in challenging environments Good strategies succeed by accurately diagnosing circumstances and picking policies that address those circumstances. You are likely to spend time in organizations where both of those are challenging due to internal limitations, so it’s worth acknowledging that and discussing how to navigate those challenges. Low-trust environment Sometimes the struggle to diagnose problems is a skill issue. Being bad at strategy is in some ways the easy problem to solve: just do more strategy work to build expertise. In other cases, you may see what the problems are fairly clearly, but not know how to acknowledge the problems because your organization’s culture would frown on it. The latter is a diagnosis problem rooted in low-trust, and does make things more difficult. The chapter on Diagnosis recognizes this problem, and admits that sometimes you have to whisper the controversial parts of a strategy: When you’re writing a strategy, you’ll often find yourself trying to choose between two awkward options: say something awkward or uncomfortable about your company or someone working within it, or omit a critical piece of your diagnosis that’s necessary to understand the wider thinking. Whenever you encounter this sort of debate, my advice is to find a way to include the diagnosis, but to reframe it into a palatable statement that avoids casting blame too narrowly. In short, the solution to low-trust is to translate difficult messages into softer, less direct versions that are acceptable to state. If your goal is to hold people accountable, this can feel dishonest or like a ethical compromise, but the goal of strategy is to make better decisions, which is an entirely different concern than holding folks accountable for the past. Karpman Drama Triangle Sometimes when the diagnosis seems particularly obvious, and people don’t agree with you, it’s because you are wrong. When I’ve been obviously wrong about things I understand well, it’s usually because I’ve fallen into viewing a situation through the Karpman Drama Triangle, where all parties are mapped as the persecutor, the rescuer, or the victim. Poor-judgment environment Even when you do an excellent job diagnosing challenges, it can be difficult to drive agreement within the organization about how to address them. Sometimes this is due to genuinely complex tradeoffs, for example in Stripe’s acquisition of Index, there was debate about how to deal with Index’s Java-based technology stack, which culminated in a compromise that didn’t make anyone particularly happy: Defer making a decision regarding the introduction of Java to a later date: the introduction of Java is incompatible with our existing engineering strategy, but at this point we’ve also been unable to align stakeholders on how to address this decision. Further, we see attempting to address this issue as a distraction from our timely goal of launching a joint product within six months. We will take up this discussion after launching the initial release. That compromise is a good example of a difficult tradeoff: although parties disagreed with the approach, everyone understood the conflicting priorities that had to be addressed. In other cases, though, there are policy choices that simply don’t make much sense, generally driven by poor judgment in your organization. Sometimes it’s not poor technical judgment, but poor judgment in choosing to prioritize one’s personal interests at the expense of the company’s needs. Calm’s strategy to focus on being a product-engineering organization dealt with some aspects of that, acknowledged in its diagnosis: We’re arguing a particularly large amount about adopting new technologies and rewrites. Most of our disagreements stem around adopting new technologies or rewriting existing components into new technology stacks. For example, can we extend this feature or do we have to migrate it to a service before extending it? Can we add this to our database or should we move it into a new Redis cache instead? Is JavaScript a sufficient programming language, or do we need to rewrite this functionality in Go? In that situation, your strategy is an attempt to educate your colleagues about the tradeoffs they are making, but ultimately sometimes folks will disagree with your strategy. In that case, remember that most interesting problems require iterative solutions. Writing your strategy and sharing it will start to change the organization’s mind. Don’t get discouraged even if that change is initially slow. Dealing with missing strategies The strategy for dealing with new private equity ownership introduces a common problem: lack of clarity about what other parts of your own company want. In that case, it seems likely there will be a layoff, but it’s unclear how large that layoff will be: Based on general practice, it seems likely that our new Private Equity ownership will expect us to reduce R&D headcount costs through a reduction. However, we don’t have any concrete details to make a structured decision on this, and our approach would vary significantly depending on the size of the reduction. Many leaders encounter that sort of ambiguity and decide that they cannot move forward with a strategy of their own until that decision is made. While it’s true that it’s inconvenient not to know the details, getting blocked by ambiguity is always the wrong decision. Instead you should do what the private equity strategy does: accept that ambiguity as a fact to be worked around. Rather than giving up, it adopts a series of new policies to start reducing cost growth by changing their organization’s seniority mix, and recognizes that once there is clarity on reduction targets that there will be additional actions to be taken. Whenever you’re doing something challenging, there are an infinite number of reasonable rationales for why you shouldn’t or can’t make progress. Leadership is finding a way to move forward despite those issues. A missing strategy is always part of your diagnosis, but never a reason that you can’t do strategy. Who shouldn’t do strategy In my experience, there’s almost never a reason why you cannot do strategy, but there are two particular scenarios where doing strategy probably doesn’t make sense. The first is not a who, but a when problem: sometimes there is so much strategy already happening, that doing more is a distraction. If another part of your organization is already working on the same problem, do your best to work with them directly rather than generating competing work. The other time to avoid strategy is when you’re trying to satisfy an emotional need to make a direct, immediate impact. Sharing a thoughtful strategy always makes progress, but it’s often the slow, incremental progress of changing your organization’s beliefs. Even definitive, top-down strategies from executives are often ignored in pockets of an organization, and bottoms-up strategy spread slowly as they are modeled, documented and shared. Embarking on strategy work requires a tolerance for winning in the long-run, even when there’s little progress this week or this quarter. Summary As you finish reading this chapter, my hope is that you also believe that you can work on strategy in your organization, whether you’re an engineer or an executive. I also hope that you appreciate that the tools you use vary greatly depending on who you are within your organization and the culture in which you work. Whether you need to model or can mandate, there’s a mechanism that will work for you.

<![CDATA[I wrote Bitsnap, a tool in Interlisp for capturing screenshots on the Medley environment. It can capture and optionally save to a file the full screen, a window with or without title bar and borders, or an arbitrary area. This project helped me learn the internals of Medley, such as extending the background menu, and produced a tool I wanted. For example, with Bitsnap I can capture some areas like specific windows without manually framing them; or the full screen of Medley excluding the title bar and borders of the operating systems that hosts Medley, Linux in my case. Medley can natively capture various portions of the screen. These facilities produce 1-bit images as instances of BITMAP, an image data structure Medley uses for everything from bit patterns, to icons, to actual images. Some Lisp functions manipulate bitmaps. Bitsnap glues together these facilities and packages them in an interactive interface accessible as a submenu of the background menu as well as a programmatic interface, the Interlisp function SNAP. To provide feedback after a capture Bitsnap displays in a window the area just captured, as shown here along with the Bitsnap menu. A bitmap captured with the Bitsnap screenshot tool and its menu on Medley Interlisp. The tool works by copying to a new bitmap the system bitmap that holds the designated area of the screen. Which is straighforward as there are Interlisp functions for accessing the source bitmaps. These functions return a BITMAP and capture: SCREENBITMAP: the full screen WINDOW.BITMAP: a window including the title bar and border BITMAPCOPY: the interior of a window with no title bar and border SNAPW: an arbitrary area The slightly more involved part is bringing captured bitmaps out of Medley in a format today's systems and tools understand. Some Interlisp functions can save a BITMAP to disk in text and binary encodings, none of which are modern standards. The only Medley tool to export to a modern — or less ancient — format less bound to Lisp is the xerox-to-xbm module which converts a BITMAP to the Unix XBM (X BitMap) format. However, xerox-to-xbm can't process large bitmaps. To work around the issue I wrote the function BMTOPBM that saves a BITMAP to a file in a slightly more modern and popular format, PBM (Portable BitMap). I can't think of anything simpler and, indeed, it took me just half a dozen minutes to write the function. Linux and other modern operating systems can natively display PBM files and Netpbm converts PBM to PNG and other widely used standards. For example, this Netpbm pipeline converts to PNG: $ pbmtopnm screenshot.pbm | pnmtopng screenshot.png BMTOPBM can handle bitmaps of any size but its simple algorithm is inefficient. However, on my PC the function takes about 5 seconds to save a 1920x1080 bitmap, which is the worst case as this is the maximum screen size Medley allows. Good enough for the time being. Bitsnap does pretty much all I want and doesn't need major new features. Still, I may optimize BMTOPBM or save directly to PNG. #Interlisp #Lisp a href="https://remark.as/p/journal.paoloamoroso.com/bitsnap-a-screenshot-capture-tool-for-medley-interlisp"Discuss.../a Email | Reply @amoroso@fosstodon.org !--emailsub--]]>

Bean counters have a bad rep for a reason. And it’s not because paying attention to the numbers is inherently unreasonable. It’s because weighing everything exclusively by its quantifiable properties is an impoverished way to view business (and the world!). Nobody presents this caricature better than the MBA types who think you can manage a business entirely in the abstract realm of "products," "markets," "resources," and "deliverables." To hell with that. The death of all that makes for a breakout product or service happens when the generic lingo of management theory takes over. This is why founder-led operations often keep an edge. Because when there’s someone at the top who actually gives a damn about cars, watches, bags, software, or whatever the hell the company makes, it shows up in a million value judgments that can’t be quantified neatly on a spreadsheet. Now, I love a beautiful spreadsheet that shows expanding margins, healthy profits, and customer growth as much as any business owner. But much of the time, those figures are derivatives of doing all the stuff that you can’t compute and that won’t quantify. But this isn’t just about running a better business by betting on unquantifiable elements that you can’t prove but still believe matter. It’s also about the fact that doing so is simply more fun! It’s more congruent. It’s vibe management. And no business owner should ever apologize for having fun, following their instincts, or trusting that the numbers will eventually show that doing the right thing, the beautiful thing, the poetic thing is going to pay off somehow. In this life or the next. Of course, you’ve got to get the basics right. Make more than you spend. Don’t get out over your skis. But once there’s a bit of margin, you owe it to yourself to lean on that cushion and lead the business primarily on the basis of good vibes and a long vision.

A few months ago I wrote about what it means to stay gold — to hold on to the best parts of ourselves, our communities, and the American Dream itself. But staying gold isn’t passive. It takes work. It takes action. It takes hard conversations that ask

I debuted these principles in my axe-con 2025 talk, It is designed to break your heart: Cultivating a harm reduction mindset as an accessibility practitioner. They are adapted from The National Harm Reduction Coalition’s original eight principles. My adapted principles reflect philosophical and behavioral changes I’ve been cultivating. This is done to try and offset, and defend against systemic trauma and its resultant depression, burnout, and other negative experiences you can incur when doing digital accessibility work. If you have the time, I’d advise reading the original eight principles. I also recommend watching or reading the talk. I say this not in a self-promotional way, but instead that there is a lot of context that will be helpful in understanding: How these adapted principles came to be, and also The larger mindset shifts and practices that led to their creation. The principles There are eight principles in total. They are delivered in the context of how to approach evaluating a team’s efforts, and are: Accepting ableism and minimizing it Accepting, for better or worse, that ableism is a part of our world and choosing to work to minimize its harmful effects, rather than simply ignoring or condemning it. The original principle this is derived from is: “Accepts, for better or worse, that licit and illicit drug use is part of our world and chooses to work to minimize its harmful effects rather than simply ignore or condemn them.” Provisioning of resources is non-judgemental Calling for the non-judgemental provision of services and resources for people who create access barriers within the disciplines in which they work, in order to assist them in reducing harm. The original principle this is derived from is: “Calls for the non-judgmental, non-coercive provision of services and resources to people who use drugs and the communities in which they live in order to assist them in reducing attendant harm.” Do not minimize or ignore real harm Does not attempt to minimize or ignore the real and tragic harm and danger that can be created by inaccessible experiences. The original principle this is derived from is: “Does not attempt to minimize or ignore the real and tragic harm and danger that can be associated with illicit drug use.” Some barriers are worse than others Understands that how access barriers are created is a complex, multi-faceted phenomenon that encompasses a range of severities from life-endangering to annoying, and acknowledges that some barriers are clearly worse than others. The original principle this is derived from is: “Understands drug use as a complex, multi-faceted phenomenon that encompasses a continuum of behaviors from severe use to total abstinence, and acknowledges that some ways of using drugs are clearly safer than others.” Social inequalities affect vulnerability Recognizes that the realities of poverty, class, racism, social isolation, past trauma, sex-based discrimination, and other social inequalities affect both people’s vulnerability to, and capacity for effectively dealing with creating inaccessible experiences. The original principle this is derived from is: “Recognizes that the realities of poverty, class, racism, social isolation, past trauma, sex-based discrimination, and other social inequalities affect both people’s vulnerability to and capacity for effectively dealing with drug-related harm.” Improvement of quality is success Establishes quality of individual and team life and well-being—not necessarily cessation of all current workflows—as the criteria for successful interventions and policies. The original principle this is derived from is: “Establishes quality of individual and community life and well-being—not necessarily cessation of all drug use—as the criteria for successful interventions and policies.” Empowering people also helps their peers Affirms people who create access barriers themselves as the primary agents of reducing the harms of their efforts, and seeks to empower them to share information and support each other in creating and using remediation strategies that are effective for their daily workflows. The original principle this is derived from is: “Affirms people who use drugs themselves as the primary agents of reducing the harms of their drug use and seeks to empower people who use drugs to share information and support each other in strategies which meet their actual conditions of use.” Ensure that disabled people have a voice in change Ensures that people who are affected by access barriers, and those who have been affected by your organization’s access barriers, have a real voice in the creation of features and services designed to serve them. The original principle this is derived from is: “Ensures that people who use drugs and those with a history of drug use routinely have a real voice in the creation of programs and policies designed to serve them.” Reframe My talk digs deeper into into the parallels between the adapted and original principles, as well as the similarities between digital accessibility and harm reduction work. This is in the service of attempting to reframe our efforts. By this, I mean that we are miscategorized participants in imperfect, trauma-generating systems. The change in perspective I am advocating for also compels changes in behavior in order to not only survive, but also flourish as digital accessibility practitioners. The adapted principles are integral to making this effort successful.