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While redesigning my photography website, I've looked into the Open Graph (OG) images, which are displayed when sharing a link on social media or messaging apps. Here's an example from WhatsApp: For each photo that I publish, I create a WebP thumbnail for the gallery. I wanted to use those as OG images, but the WebP support was lacking, so I've been creating an additional JPG variant just for Open Graph. I was interested in seeing how things have changed in the last 2.5 years. I've tested the following platforms: WhatsApp, Telegram, Signal, Discord, Slack, Teams, Facebook, LinkedIn, Xing, Bluesky, Threads and Phanpy (Mastodon). Here are the results: All providers support JPEG and PNG. All providers except Teams and Xing support WebP. No provider except Facebook supports AVIF. WhatsApp displays the AVIF image, but the colors are broken. "X, formerly Twitter" didn't display OG images for my test pages at all. I don't care about that platform, so I didn't bother to further investigate. Those results confirmed that I could now use WebP Open Graph images without creating an additional JPG file.
I'm a frequent user of bookmarklets. As I'm sharing some of them on my blog, I wrote this post to explain what bookmarklets are and how to use them. In short, a bookmarklet is a browser bookmark containing JavaScript code. Clicking the bookmark executes the script in the context of the current web page, allowing users to perform tasks such as modifying the appearance of a webpage or extracting information. Bookmarklets are a simpler, more lightweight alternative to browser extensions, Chrome snippets, and userscripts. How to add a bookmarklet? Here's an example to display a browser dialog with the title of the current web page: Display page title You can click the link to see what it does. To run this script on other websites, we have to save it as a bookmarklet. My preferred way is to drag the link onto the bookmarks toolbar: A link on a web page is dragged and dropped onto a browser bookmark bar. A bookmark creation dialog appears. The prompt is confirmed and closed. The created bookmarklet is clicked. The current web page title is displayed in a browser dialog. Another way is to right-click the link to open its context menu: In Firefox, you can then select "Bookmark Link…". Other browsers make it a little more difficult: select "Copy Link (Address)", manually create a new bookmark, and then paste the copied URL as the link target. Once created, you can click the bookmark(let) on any web page to display its title. Scroll further down to see more useful use cases. How to write a bookmarklet? Let's start with the code for the previous bookmarklet example: window.alert(document.title) To turn that script into a bookmarklet, we have to put javascript: in front of it: javascript:window.alert(document.title) To keep our code self-contained, we should wrap it with an IIFE (immediately invoked function expression): javascript:(() => { window.alert(document.title) })() Finally, you might have to URL-encode your bookmarklet if you get issues with special characters: javascript:%28%28%29%20%3D%3E%20%7B%0A%20%20window.alert%28document.title%29%0A%7D%29%28%29 Useful bookmarklets Here are some bookmarklets I've created: Debugger — Starts the browser DevTools debugger after 3 seconds, useful for debugging dynamic content changes. Log Focus Changes — Logs DOM elements when the focus changes. Design Mode — Makes the web page content-editable (toggle).
It can be frustrating to fill out a web form, only to accidentally refresh the page (or click "back") and lose all the hard work. In this blog post, I present a method to retain form data when the page is reloaded, which improves the user experience. Browser behavior Most browsers provide an autofill feature. In the example form below, enter anything into the input field. Then, try out the following: Click the "Example link" and use the "back" functionality of your browser. Reload the page. Query Example link Depending on your browser, the input value might be restored: Browser Reload Back Firefox 130 Yes Yes Chrome 129 No Yes Safari 18 No Yes How does it work? I was surprised to learn that this autofill behavior is controlled via the autocomplete, that is mostly used for value autocompletion from past web forms. However, if we disable the autocompletion, the autofill feature will be disabled as well: <input autocomplete="false" /> To learn more about the behavior, read the full spec on persisted history entry state. Preserving application state Even with autofill, no browser will restore dynamic changes previously triggered by the user. In the following example, the user has to always press the "Search" button to view the results: This is an interactive example. Please enable JavaScript to use it. Query Search ... const inputElementNative = document.querySelector("#example-search-input"); const outputElementNative = document.querySelector("#example-search-output"); const performSearch_exampleSearch = (outputElement) => { outputElement.innerText = ""; const introText = document.createTextNode("Open the result for "); outputElement.appendChild(introText); const link = document.createElement("a"); link.href = "https://example.com"; link.innerText = inputElementNative.value || "no text"; outputElement.appendChild(link); }; document.querySelector("#example-search-form").addEventListener("submit", (event) => { event.preventDefault(); performSearch_exampleSearch(outputElementNative); }, ); If the web page changes its content after user interaction, it might be a good idea to restore the UI state after the page has been refreshed. For example, it's useful to restore previous search results for an on-site search. Note that Chrome will fire a change event on inputs, but this is considered a bug as the respective spec has been updated. Storing form values As the form value might be lost on reload, we need to store it temporarily. Some common places to store data include local storage, session storage, cookies, query parameters or hash. They all come with drawbacks for our use case, though. Instead, I suggest using the browser history state, which has several advantages: We get data separation between multiple browser tabs with no additional effort. The data is automatically cleaned up when the browser tab is closed. We don't pollute the URL and prevent page reloads. Let's store the search input value as query: document.querySelector("form").addEventListener("submit", (event) => { event.preventDefault(); const inputElement = document.querySelector("input"); history.replaceState({ query: inputElement.value }, ""); performSearch(); }); This example uses the submit event to store the data, which fits our "search" use case. In a regular form, using the input change event might be a better trigger to store form values. Using replaceState over pushState will ensure that no unnecessary history entry is created. Uncaught TypeError: Failed to execute 'replaceState' on 'History': 2 arguments required, but only 1 present. Restoring form values My first approach to restore form values was to listen to the pageshow event. Once it's fired, we can access the page load type from window.performance: window.addEventListener("pageshow", () => { const type = window.performance.getEntriesByType("navigation")[0].type; const query = history.state?.query; if (query && (type === "back_forward" || type === "reload")) { document.querySelector("#my-input").value = query; performSearch(); } }); I will keep the solution here in case someone needs it, but usually it is unnecessary to check the page load type. Because the history state is only set after the search form has been submitted, we can check the state directly: const query = history.state?.query; if (query) { document.querySelector("#my-input").value = query; performSearch(); } Demo Here's an example combining both techniques to store and restore the input value: This is an interactive example. Please enable JavaScript to use it. Query Search ... const inputElementCustom = document.querySelector("#example-preserve-input"); const outputElementCustom = document.querySelector("#example-preserve-output"); const performSearch_examplePreserve = (outputElement) => { outputElement.innerText = ""; const introText = document.createTextNode("Open the result for "); outputElement.appendChild(introText); const link = document.createElement("a"); link.href = "https://example.com"; link.innerText = inputElementCustom.value || "no text"; outputElement.appendChild(link); }; document.querySelector("#example-preserve-form").addEventListener("submit", (event) => { event.preventDefault(); performSearch_examplePreserve(outputElementCustom); history.replaceState({ query: inputElementCustom.value }, ""); }); const historyQuery = history.state?.query; if (historyQuery) { document.querySelector("#example-preserve-input").value = historyQuery; performSearch_examplePreserve(outputElementCustom); } Conclusion Preserving form data on page refresh is a small but impactful way to improve user satisfaction. The default browser autofill feature handles only basic use cases, so ideally we should maintain the form state ourselves. In this blog post, I've explained how to use the browser history state to temporarily store and retrieve form values.
In this post, I will summarize some problems and constraints that I've encountered with the Notifications and Push web APIs. Notification settings on macOS Someone who's definitely not me wasted half an hour wondering why triggered notifications would not appear. On macOS, make sure to enable system notifications for your browsers. Open "System Settings" → "Notifications". For each browser, select "Allow notifications" and set the appearance to "Alerts": Onchange listener not called Web APIs offer a way to subscribe to change events. This is especially useful in React: navigator.permissions .query({ name: "push", userVisibleOnly: true }) .then((status) => { status.onchange = function () { // synchronize permission status with local state setNotificationPermission(this.state); }; }); Whenever the notification permission changes (either through our application logic or via browser controls), we can synchronize the UI in real-time according to the current permission value (prompt, denied or granted). However, due to a Firefox bug, the event listener callback is never called. This means that we can't react to permission changes via browser controls in Firefox. That's especially unfortunate when combined with push messages, where we want to subscribe the user once they grant the notification permission. One workaround is to check at page load if the notification permission is granted with no valid subscription and resubscribe the user. Notification image not supported Browser notifications support an optional image property. This property is marked as "experimental", so it's not surprising that some browsers (Firefox, Safari) don't support it. There is an open feature request to add support in Firefox, but it has been open since 2019. VAPID contact information required When sending a push message, we have to provide VAPID parameters (e.g. the public and private key). According to the specification, the sub property (contact email or link) is optional: If the application server wishes to provide, the JWT MAY include a "sub" (Subject) claim. Despite this specification, the Mozilla push message server will return an error if the subject is missing: 401 Unauthorized for (...) and subscription https://updates.push.services.mozilla.com/wpush/v2/… You might not encounter this issue when using the popular web-push npm package, as its API encourages you to provide the subject as the first parameter: webpush.setVapidDetails("hello@example.com", publicKey, privateKey); However, in the webpush-java library, you need to set the subject explicitly: builder.subject("hello@example.com"); There is an open issue with more information about this problem. Microsoft Edge pitfalls Microsoft introduced adaptive notification requests in the Edge browser. It is a crowdsourced score system, which may auto-accept or auto-reject notification requests. The behavior can be changed in the Edge notification settings. Additionally, on a business or school device, those settings might be fixed, displaying the following tooltip: This setting is managed by your organization.
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As search gets worse and “working code” gets cheaper, apps get easier to make from scratch than to find.
I’ve never published an essay quite like this. I’ve written about my life before, reams of stuff actually, because that’s how I process what I think, but never for public consumption. I’ve been pushing myself to write more lately because my co-authors and I have a whole fucking book to write between now and October. […]
Less known desktop UI frameworks Writing desktop software is hard. The UI technologies of Windows or MacOS are awful compared to web technology. What can trivially be done with HTML/CSS/JavaScript in few minutes can take hours using Windows’s win32 APIs or Mac’s Cocoa. That’s why the default technology for desktop apps, especially cross-platform, is Electron: a Chrome browser combined with Node runtime. The problem is that it’s bloaty: each app is a unique build of Chrome with a little bit of application code. Chrome is over 100MB so many apps ship less than 1MB of code in a 100M wrapper. People tried to address the problem of poor OS APIs by writing UI frameworks, often meant to be cross-platform. You’ve heard about QT, GTK, wxWindows. The problem with those is that they are also old, their APIs are not the greatest either and they are bloaty as well. There just doesn’t seem to be a good option. Writing your own framework seems impossible due to the size of task. But is it? I’ll show a couple of less-known UI frameworks written mostly be a single person, often done simply to enable writing an application. SWELL in WDL WDL is interesting. Justin Frankel, the guy who created Winamp, has a repository of C++ code he uses in different projects. After selling Winamp to AOL, a side quest of writing file sharing application, getting fired from AOL for writing file sharing application, he started a company building Reaper a digital audio workstation software for Windows. Winamp is a win32 API program and so is Reaper. At some point Justin decided to make a Mac version but by then he had a lot of code heavily using win32 APIs. So he did what anyone in his position would: he implemented win32 APIs for Mac OS and Linux and called it SWELL - Simple Windows Emulation Layer. Ok, actually no-one else would do it. It was an insane idea but it worked. It’s important to not over-state SWELL capabilities. It’s not Wine. You can’t take any win32 program and recompile for Mac with SWELL. Frankel is insanely pragmatic and so is his code. SWELL only implements the subset of APIs he uses in Reaper. At the same time Reaper is a big app so if SWELL works for Reaper, it could work for your app. WDL is open-source using permissive MIT license. Sublime Text For a few years Sublime Text was THE programmer’s editor. It was written by a single developer in C++ and he wrote a custom UI toolkit for it. Not open source but its existence shows it can be done. RAD Debugger RAD Debugger is an open-source Windows debugger for C/C++ apps written in C by mostly a single person. It implements a custom UI framework based on 3D renderer. The UI is integral part of the the app but the code is well structured so you probably can take just their UI / render code and use it in your own C / C++ app. Currently the app / UI is only for Windows but it’s designed to be cross-platform and they are working on porting the renderer to Mac OS / Linux. They use permissive MIT license and everything is written in C. Dear ImGUI Dear ImGui is a newer cross-platform, UI framework in C++. Open source, permissive MIT license. Written by mostly a single person. Ghostty Ghostty is a cross-platform terminal emulator and UI. It’s written in Zig by mostly a single person and uses it’s own low-level GPU renderer for the UI. You too can write your own UI framework At first the idea of writing your own UI framework seems impossibly daunting. What I’m hoping to show is that if you’re ambitious enough it’s possible to build cross platform desktop apps that are not just bloated 100MB Chrome wrappers around few kilobytes of custom code. I’m not saying it’s a simple thing, just that enough people did it that it’s possible. It shouldn’t be necessary but both Microsoft and Apple have tragically dropped the ball on providing decent, high-performance UI libraries for their OS. Microsoft even writes their own apps, like Teams, in web technologies. Thanks to open source you’re not at the staring line. You can just use Dear ImGUI or WDL’s SWELL. Or you can extract the UI code from RAD Debugger or Ghostty (if you write in Zig). Or you can look at how their implementation to speed up your own design and implementation.
I released Logic for Programmers exactly one year ago today. It feels weird to celebrate the anniversary of something that isn't 1.0 yet, but software projects have a proud tradition of celebrating a dozen anniversaries before 1.0. I wanted to share about what's changed in the past year and the work for the next six+ months. The Road to 0.1 I had been noodling on the idea of a logic book since the pandemic. The first time I wrote about it on the newsletter was in 2021! Then I said that it would be done by June and would be "under 50 pages". The idea was to cover logic as a "soft skill" that helped you think about things like requirements and stuff. That version sucked. If you want to see how much it sucked, I put it up on Patreon. Then I slept on the next draft for three years. Then in 2024 a lot of business fell through and I had a lot of free time, so with the help of Saul Pwanson I rewrote the book. This time I emphasized breadth over depth, trying to cover a lot more techniques. I also decided to self-publish it instead of pitching it to a publisher. Not going the traditional route would mean I would be responsible for paying for editing, advertising, graphic design etc, but I hoped that would be compensated by much higher royalties. It also meant I could release the book in early access and use early sales to fund further improvements. So I wrote up a draft in Sphinx, compiled it to LaTeX, and uploaded the PDF to leanpub. That was in June 2024. Since then I kept to a monthly cadence of updates, missing once in November (short-notice contract) and once last month (Systems Distributed). The book's now on v0.10. What's changed? A LOT v0.1 was very obviously an alpha, and I have made a lot of improvements since then. For one, the book no longer looks like a Sphinx manual. Compare! Also, the content is very, very different. v0.1 was 19,000 words, v.10 is 31,000.1 This comes from new chapters on TLA+, constraint/SMT solving, logic programming, and major expansions to the existing chapters. Originally, "Simplifying Conditionals" was 600 words. Six hundred words! It almost fit in two pages! The chapter is now 2600 words, now covering condition lifting, quantifier manipulation, helper predicates, and set optimizations. All the other chapters have either gotten similar facelifts or are scheduled to get facelifts. The last big change is the addition of book assets. Originally you had to manually copy over all of the code to try it out, which is a problem when there are samples in eight distinct languages! Now there are ready-to-go examples for each chapter, with instructions on how to set up each programming environment. This is also nice because it gives me breaks from writing to code instead. How did the book do? Leanpub's all-time visualizations are terrible, so I'll just give the summary: 1180 copies sold, $18,241 in royalties. That's a lot of money for something that isn't fully out yet! By comparison, Practical TLA+ has made me less than half of that, despite selling over 5x as many books. Self-publishing was the right choice! In that time I've paid about $400 for the book cover (worth it) and maybe $800 in Leanpub's advertising service (probably not worth it). Right now that doesn't come close to making back the time investment, but I think it can get there post-release. I believe there's a lot more potential customers via marketing. I think post-release 10k copies sold is within reach. Where is the book going? The main content work is rewrites: many of the chapters have not meaningfully changed since 1.0, so I am going through and rewriting them from scratch. So far four of the ten chapters have been rewritten. My (admittedly ambitious) goal is to rewrite three of them by the end of this month and another three by the end of next. I also want to do final passes on the rewritten chapters; as most of them have a few TODOs left lying around. (Also somehow in starting this newsletter and publishing it I realized that one of the chapters might be better split into two chapters, so there could well-be a tenth technique in v0.11 or v0.12!) After that, I will pass it to a copy editor while I work on improving the layout, making images, and indexing. I want to have something worthy of printing on a dead tree by 1.0. In terms of timelines, I am very roughly estimating something like this: Summer: final big changes and rewrites Early Autumn: graphic design and copy editing Late Autumn: proofing, figuring out printing stuff Winter: final ebook and initial print releases of 1.0. (If you know a service that helps get self-published books "past the finish line", I'd love to hear about it! Preferably something that works for a fee, not part of royalties.) This timeline may be disrupted by official client work, like a new TLA+ contract or a conference invitation. Needless to say, I am incredibly excited to complete this book and share the final version with you all. This is a book I wished for years ago, a book I wrote because nobody else would. It fills a critical gap in software educational material, and someday soon I'll be able to put a copy on my bookshelf. It's exhilarating and terrifying and above all, satisfying. It's also 150 pages vs 50 pages, but admittedly this is partially because I made the book smaller with a larger font. ↩
Translating user interface of SumatraPDF SumatraPDF is the best PDF/eBook/Comic Book viewer for Windows. It’s small, fast, full of features, free and open-source. It became popular enough that it made sense to translate the UI for non-English users. Currently we support 72 languages. This article describes how I designed and implemented a translation system in SumatraPDF, a native win32 C++ Windows application. Hard things about translating the UI There are 2 hard things about translating an application code for translation system (extracting strings to translate, translate strings from English to user’s language) translating them into many languages Extracting strings to translate from source code Currently there are 381 strings in SumatraPDF subject to translation. It’s important that the system requires the least amount of effort when adding new strings to translate. Every string that needs to be translated is marked in .cpp or .h file with one of two macros: _TRA("Rename") _TRN("Open") I have a script that extracts those strings from source files. Mine is written in Go but it could just as well be Python or JavaScript. It’s a simple regex job. _TR stands for “translation”. _TRA(s) expands into const char* trans::GetTranslation(const char* str) function which returns str translated to current UI language. We auto-detect language at startup based on Windows settings and allow the user to explicitly set UI language. For English we just return the original string. If a string to be translated is e.g. a part of const char* array[], we can’t use trans::GetTranslation(). For cases like that we have _TRN() which expands to English string. We have to write code to translate it at some point. Adding new strings is therefore as simple as wrapping them in _TRA() or _TRN() macros. Translating strings into many languages Now that we’ve extracted strings to be translated, we need to translate them into 72 languages. SumatraPDF is a free, open-source program. I don’t have a budget to hire translators. I don’t have a budget, period. The only option was to get help from SumatraPDF users. It was vital to make it very easy for users to send me translations. I didn’t want to ask them, for example, to download some translation software. Design and implementation of AppTranslator web app I couldn’t find a really simple software for crowd sourcing translations so I wrote my own: https://github.com/kjk/apptranslator You can see it in action: https://www.apptranslator.org/app/SumatraPDF I designed it to be generic but I don’t think anyone else is using it. AppTranslator is simple. Per https://tools.arslexis.io/wc/: 4k lines of Go server code 451 lines of html code a single dependency: bootstrap CSS framework (the project is old) It’s simple because I don’t want to spend a lot of time writing translation software. It’s just a side project in service of the goal of translating SumatraPDF. Login is exclusively via GitHub. It doesn’t even use a database. Like in Redis, changes are stored as a series of operations in an append-only log. We keep the whole state in memory and re-create it from the log at startup. Main operation is translate a string from English to language X represented as [kOpTranslation, english string, language, translation, user who provided translation]. When user provides a translation in the web UI, we send an API call to the server which appends the translation operation to the log. Simple and reliable. Because the code is written in Go, it’s very fast and memory efficient. When running it uses mere megabytes of RAM. It can comfortably run on the smallest 256 MB VPS server. I backup the log to S3 so if the server ever fails, I can re-install the program on a new server and re-download the translations from S3. I provide RSS feed for each language so that people who provide translations can monitor for new strings to be translated. Sending strings for translation and receiving translations So I have a web app for collecting translations and a script that extracts strings to be translated from source code. How do they connect? AppTranslator has an API for submitting the current set of strings to be translated in the simplest possible format: a line for each string (I ensure there are no newlines in the string itself by escaping them with \n) API is password protected because only I can submit the strings. The server compares the strings sent with the current set and records a difference in the log. It also sends a response with translations. Again the simplest possible format: AppTranslator: SumatraPDF 651b739d7fa110911f25563c933f42b1d37590f8 :%s annotation. Ctrl+click to edit. am:%s մեկնաբանություն: Ctrl+քլիք՝ խմբագրելու համար: ar:ملاحظة %s. اضغط Ctrl للتحرير. az:Qeyd %s. Düzəliş etmək üçün Ctrl+düyməyə basın. As you can see: a string to translate is on a line starting with : is followed by translations of that strings in the format: ${lang}: ${translation} An optimization: 651b739d7fa110911f25563c933f42b1d37590f8 is a hash of this response. If I submit this hash with my request and translations didn’t change on the server, the response is empty. Implementing C++ part of translation system So now I have a text file with translation downloaded from the server. How do I get a translation in my C++ code? As with everything in SumatraPDF, I try to do things in a simple and efficient way. The whole Translation.cpp is only 239 lines of code. The core of translation system is const char* trans::GetTranslation(const char* s); function. I embed the translations in exact the same format as received from AppTranslator in the executable as data file in resources. If the UI language is English, we do nothing. trans::GetTranslation() returns its argument. When we switch the language, we load the translations from resources and build an index: an array of English strings an array of corresponding translations Both arrays use my own StrVec class optimized for storing an array of strings. To find a translation we scan the first array to find an index of the string and return translation from the second array, at the same index. Linear scan seems like it would be slow but it isn’t. Resizing dialogs I have a few dialogs defined in SumatraPDF.rc file. The problem with dialogs is that position of UI elements is fixed. A translated string will almost certainly have a different size than the English string which will mess up fixed layout. Thankfully someone wrote DialogSizer that smartly resizes dialogs and solves this problem. The evolution of a solution No AppTranslator My initial implementation was simpler. I didn’t yet have AppTranslator so I stored the strings in a text file in repository in the same format as what I described above. People would download it, make changes using a text editor and send me the file via email which I would then checkin. It worked for a while but it became worse over time. More strings, more languages created more work for me to manually manage e-mail submissions. I decided to automate the process. Code generation My first implementation of C++ side used code generation instead of embedding the text file in resources. My Go script would generate C++ source code files with static const char* [] arrays. This worked well but I decided to improve it further by making the code use the text file with translations embedded in the app. The main motivation for the change was to open a possibility of downloading latest translations from the server to fix the problem of translations not being all ready when I build the release executable. I haven’t done that yet but it’s now easier to implement given that the format of strings embedded in the exe is the same as the one I can download from AppTranslator. Only utf-8 SumatraPDF started by using both WCHAR* Unicode strings and char* utf8 strings. For that reason the translation system had to support returning translation in both WCHAR* and char* version. Over time I refactored the code to use mostly utf8 and at some point I no longer needed to support WCHAR* version. That made the code even smaller and reduced memory usage. The experience I’m happy how things turned out. AppTranslator proved to be reliable and hassle free. It runs for many years now and collected 35440 string translations from users. I automated everything so that all I need to do is to periodically re-run the script that extracts strings from source code, uploads them to AppTranslator and downloads latest translations. One problem is that translations are not always ready in time for release so I make a release and then people start translating strings added since last release. I’ve considered downloading the latest translations from the server, in addition to embedding them in an executable at the time of building the app. Would I do the same today? While AppTranslator is reliable and doesn’t require on-going work, it would be better to not have to run a server at all. The world has changed since I started SumatraPDF. Namely: people are comfortable using GitHub and you can edit files directly in GitHub UI. It’s not a great experience but it works. One option would be to generate a translation text file for each language, in this format: :first untranslated string :second untranslated string :first translated string translation of first string :second translated string translation of second string Untranslated strings are listed at the top, to make it easier to find. A link would send a translator directly to edit this file in GitHub UI. When translator saves translations, it creates a PR for me to review and merge. The roads not taken But why did you re-invent everything? You should do X instead. All other X that I know about suck. Using per-language .rc resource files Traditional way of localizing / translating Window GUI apps is to store all strings and dialog definitions in an .rc file. Each language gets its own .rc file (or files) and the program picks the right resource based on a language. This doesn’t solve the 2 hard problems: having an easy way to add strings for translations having an easy way for users to provide translations XML horror show There was a dark time when the world was under the iron grip of XML fanaticism. Everything had to be an XML file even when it was the worst possible solution for the problem. XML doesn’t solve the 2 hard problems and a string storage format is an absolute nightmare for human editing. GNU gettext There’s a C library gettext that uses .po files. This is much saner solution than XML horror show. .po files are relatively simple text format. The code is already written. Warning: tooting my own horn. My format is better. It’s easier for people to edit, it’s easier to write code to parse it. This looks like many times more than 239 lines of code. Ok, gettext probably does a bit more than my code, but clearly nothing than I need. It also doesn’t solve the 2 hard problems. I would still have to write code to extract strings from source code and build a way to allow users to translate them easily.
