Full Width [alt+shift+f] Shortcuts [alt+shift+k]
Sign Up [alt+shift+s] Log In [alt+shift+l]
1

Top 20 Helpdesk Interview Questions (with answers)

from Founder's blog [alt+shift+b] in programming

Help desk interviews usually test two things at once: whether you understand the technical basics, and whether you can explain those basics to a person who may already be annoyed, confused, or late for a meeting. That combination matters. A support technician who can diagnose a network issue but makes the user feel stupid will struggle. So will a friendly person who guesses randomly at technical problems. The best candidates show both: methodical troubleshooting and calm, useful communication. Below are common help desk and desktop support interview questions, with sample answers you can adapt to your own experience. Technical Help Desk Interview Questions 1. Can you tell me about yourself? Keep the answer focused on the job. Mention your IT training, support experience, certifications, customer service background, and the kind of technical problems you have handled. Avoid turning it into a life story. A good answer gives the interviewer several useful follow-up paths. For example: "I have been building my support skills through Windows troubleshooting, networking fundamentals, and customer-facing work. I enjoy breaking problems down, documenting what I find, and helping users get back to work without making the process more stressful for them." 2. A user says their monitor is not working. What do you check first? Start with the simple physical checks before assuming a complicated failure. Confirm that the monitor has power, the brightness is not turned all the way down, the video cable is connected securely, and the computer itself is powered on. If the monitor has multiple inputs, make sure the correct input is selected. If those checks do not solve it, continue with another cable, another monitor, or another port. From there, you can investigate graphics drivers, docking stations, sleep state problems, or hardware failure. 3. What is Safe Mode used for? Safe Mode starts Windows with a limited set of drivers and services. It is useful when a normal startup fails,...
8th Mar 2026

Stay updated

Get a weekly newsletter with the top 5 articles worth reading every week.

More from Founder's blog

Best AI helpdesk solutions in 2026

Every helpdesk vendor now sells "AI". What they actually ship differs a lot. Some offer a chatbot that answers customers before a ticket exists. Some offer a copilot that drafts replies for agents. Others hand you a platform and a consultant's invoice. The pricing models differ too: per seat, per conversation, per "resolution", or a pool of credits that nobody on the buying committee fully understands. We looked at six options, from a free do-it-yourself build to a full enterprise ITSM suite. Each one gets the same treatment: what it does well, where it falls short, and what it costs as of September 2026. Disclosure: this review is published on Jitbit's blog, and Jitbit is one of the products below. We tried to hold it to the same standard as the others, and we list its weaknesses too. Competitor prices come from public pricing pages and recent third-party breakdowns. Vendors change prices often, so check before you sign. How we evaluated Grounding. Does the AI answer from your documentation and ticket history, or from general model knowledge? Coverage. Does it deflect tickets (customer-facing), help agents (agent-facing), or both? Cost predictability. Can you forecast next quarter's bill without a spreadsheet model? Time to value. Days, weeks, or a multi-month implementation project? 1. Homegrown & Free: a Copilot Studio agent grounded on SharePoint Best for: internal IT support in organizations that already run on Microsoft 365. This option gets overlooked because nobody sells it. If your company already lives in Microsoft 365, you can build a decent self-service IT assistant in an afternoon without buying a helpdesk. The recipe is simple: put your end-user documentation on one SharePoint site, point a Copilot Studio agent at it, and publish the agent to Teams, where your employees already spend the day. Here is how to do it well. How to set it up Create a dedicated SharePoint communication site, for example "IT Help". Keep the knowledge the agent will use on this one site, not scattered across team sites. A single, clean source gives better answers than a large, messy one. Write one page per problem. "Reset your VPN token", "Printer on floor 3 shows offline", "Request a new laptop". Use the error message or symptom a user would type as the page title, and put the fix in numbered steps. Retrieval works on chunks of text, so short focused pages beat a 60-page PDF manual. Avoid scanned PDFs and screenshots-only pages, because the agent cannot read text inside images reliably. Check permissions. The agent answers using the identity of the person asking, so it only sees what that person can see in SharePoint. Give all employees read access to the site. Keep admin-only runbooks on a separate site so they never leak into employee answers. Create the agent in Copilot Studio (copilotstudio.microsoft.com). Add the SharePoint site URL as a knowledge source, and keep authentication set to "Authenticate with Microsoft", which SharePoint knowledge requires. Turn off general knowledge. In the agent's generative AI settings, disable the option that lets the model answer from its own general knowledge. You want "I don't know" rather than a confident, invented fix for your internal VPN. Write short instructions. For example: "You are the IT help assistant for Contoso employees. Answer only from the IT Help site. Give numbered steps. If the answer is not in the documentation, say so and link to the ticket form." Add an escalation path. Change the fallback topic so unanswered questions end with a link to your ticket form or IT mailbox. More advanced teams add an agent flow that opens a ticket directly, but each tool call uses extra credits. Publish to Teams and Microsoft 365 Copilot, then pin the agent in Teams for all employees through the Teams admin center. If people have to look for the agent, adoption stays low. Review analytics every week. Copilot Studio shows which questions went unanswered. Each one is a missing SharePoint page. Write it, and the agent improves by the next morning. This loop matters more than anything else on this list. Pros. There is no new vendor, no procurement cycle, and no new login. Employees ask questions in Teams, where they already are. Identity, permissions and compliance come from your existing Microsoft tenant, so security review is short. The knowledge base is ordinary SharePoint pages that anyone in IT can edit, with no proprietary format to migrate later. For the large share of internal tickets that are really "how do I..." questions (password resets, VPN, printers, Wi-Fi, software requests), a well-written site plus a grounded agent can deflect a meaningful share of volume in the first month. Cons. This is a self-service answer engine, not a helpdesk. There is no ticket queue, no SLA tracking, no assignment, no reporting on agent workload, and no audit trail of who fixed what. When the bot can't help, the issue goes to email or a form, and you still need something to manage it. Answer quality depends entirely on the documentation. A thin or outdated SharePoint site produces thin or outdated answers. Copilot Studio's credit-based licensing is also hard to forecast, and agents can be disabled automatically once a tenant goes 25% over its prepaid capacity. It works for employees only. Do not try to turn it into a customer-facing support bot. Price. Effectively free if your users already have Microsoft 365 Copilot licenses. Microsoft does not charge credits when licensed users talk to employee-facing agents, within fair-use limits. Without those licenses, Copilot Studio bills in credits: $200 per month for a pack of 25,000, or $0.01 per credit pay-as-you-go through Azure. A generative answer grounded on a knowledge source costs 2 credits. With the optional tenant-graph grounding it costs 12. In practice, that is roughly two to twelve cents per answer, and a few hundred dollars a month covers a mid-sized company's internal IT questions. The real cost is the staff time to write and maintain the SharePoint pages. You would need that documentation with any tool on this list anyway. 2. Jitbit Helpdesk Best for: mid-sized support and IT teams that want a full ticketing system with AI included, not billed separately. Pros. AI is built into the ticketing workflow, not added as a separate product. An AI assistant panel in every ticket drafts replies grounded on your knowledge base, indexed external documentation, canned responses, and similar closed tickets. It also summarizes long threads, cleans up agent drafts, and turns solved tickets into new KB articles, which helps teams that are just starting a knowledge base. Automation rules can run AI triage on every incoming ticket (sentiment, category and priority in one pass) and can post first-line AI replies either directly to the customer or as internal notes for review. The live chat widget has an AI auto-responder that hands off to a human when the visitor asks for one. For technical teams, the AI can call your own HTTP endpoints or MCP servers, so it can look up an order status or a subscription without an agent. Model choice is unusually open: GPT and Gemini are included, or you can bring your own key for Claude, Azure OpenAI or AWS Bedrock. That matters for data-residency and HIPAA reviews, and Jitbit signs a BAA on its Enterprise plan. It is also one of the few products here that still offers a self-hosted, on-premise edition with the same AI features. Cons. Jitbit is a smaller vendor, and its integration marketplace is much smaller than Freshdesk's or ServiceNow's. Its customer-facing bot is a helpful extra on top of a helpdesk, not a dedicated conversational platform. Teams with very high chat volume in B2C, which is Fin's specialty, will find fewer controls for multi-step procedures and channel orchestration. Like every grounded AI, it only performs as well as the knowledge base behind it. On-premise customers who want semantic search and document indexing must run an extra Docker-based add-on, and they supply their own model API keys. The entry-level Freelancer plan does not include AI credits. Price. Flat plans with no per-resolution or per-session fees: Freelancer $29/month (1 agent), Startup $69/month (4 agents), Company $129/month (7 agents), Enterprise $249/month (9 agents, $29 per extra agent). Annual billing saves about two months. Unlimited AI credits are included from the Startup plan up. For a seven-agent team, that works out to about $18 per agent per month with AI included. On most of the other paid products here, AI alone costs more than that per agent. 3. Fin (by Intercom) Best for: high-volume customer-facing support where deflection rate is the main metric. Pros. Fin is arguably the most capable customer-facing AI agent on the market, and it is the product the rest of the category measures itself against. It handles multi-turn conversations well, follows written "procedures" for multi-step tasks such as refunds or account changes, and works across chat, email, and voice. Importantly, Fin does not require Intercom's helpdesk. It can run on top of Zendesk, Salesforce, Freshdesk, Front, and others, so you can add it to an existing stack without migrating. Its reporting is built around resolution rate, which makes the ROI case easy to present to a CFO. Cons. Outcome-based pricing is fair in theory and hard to budget in practice. Fin counts an "assumed resolution" when a customer simply stops replying after its last answer. That includes customers who gave up. Your bill grows with volume, not with headcount, so a seasonal spike or a product incident that floods support also increases your AI spend. Fin is built for customer-facing deflection. Agent-side features are stronger inside Intercom's own inbox, so standalone deployments on other helpdesks get less of the product. For internal IT support, it is the wrong tool. Price. $0.99 per billable outcome (a resolution, a procedure handoff or a disqualification), and $9.99 per qualified sales lead. Running standalone on another helpdesk has a minimum of 50 outcomes a month. Inside Intercom, you also pay for seats: Essential $29, Advanced $85, or Expert $132 per seat per month on annual billing. A ten-seat Advanced team resolving 2,000 conversations a month pays roughly $2,800, and about 70% of that is Fin. 4. Tidio (with Lyro AI) Best for: small e-commerce stores that mainly need a website chatbot. Pros. Tidio is one of the fastest ways to get an AI chatbot onto a website. Lyro, its AI agent, learns from your FAQ and site content in minutes, and setup takes almost no technical skill. It integrates well with Shopify, WordPress, and the common e-commerce stack, so it can answer order and shipping questions that make up most of a small shop's inbox. The visual Flows builder handles cart-abandonment nudges and lead capture alongside support. For a one- or two-person store, the free tier is enough to try it before paying. Cons. Tidio is chat-first, and the ticketing side is basic. There is little in the way of SLAs, complex routing, asset management, or the reporting a growing support or IT team eventually needs. Lyro is billed by conversation, and the free and Starter plans include only 50 Lyro conversations in total, not per month. After that, it stops answering. The plan structure has a big gap: the jump from Growth to Plus is more than tenfold, with no middle tier. Teams often report that real costs run two to three times the advertised price once AI and Flows add-ons are included. It is not designed for B2B, internal IT, or regulated industries. Price. Starter $29/month, Growth from $59/month (scaling to about $349 depending on volume), Plus $749/month, and Premium from $2,999/month. Lyro AI is a separate add-on starting at $39/month, and Flows costs another $29/month. A typical Growth setup with Lyro and Flows costs around $127/month before overages. Annual billing saves about 17%. 5. Freshdesk (with Freddy AI) Best for: mid-market customer support teams that want a mainstream, feature-complete suite and can live with add-on pricing. Pros. Freshdesk is a mature, full-featured helpdesk with omnichannel support, a large app marketplace, solid automation, and a familiar interface that new agents learn quickly. Freddy AI covers both sides of the job. The Freddy AI Agent deflects questions on chat, email and the web widget. Freddy Copilot helps human agents with reply drafts, summaries, tone adjustment and suggested solutions. Freshworks also sells Freshservice for internal IT, so organizations can standardize on one vendor for both customer and employee support. Cons. AI costs are split across several meters and plan requirements. Copilot is available only on Pro and Enterprise, so Growth customers cannot buy it at any price. The customer-facing AI Agent is billed by session, and unused sessions expire at the end of each billing cycle instead of rolling over. Freshworks raised plan prices in 2026 for the first time in five years and cut the free plan to a six-month program for one or two agents. Model choice and on-premise deployment are not available. Price. Growth $19, Pro $55, Enterprise $89 per agent per month (annual billing). Freddy Copilot adds $29 per agent per month ($35 on monthly billing). The AI Agent includes 500 sessions, then costs $49 per 100 sessions. The realistic entry point for agent-side AI is $84 per agent per month (Pro plus Copilot). A five-agent team on Pro with Copilot and moderate bot usage spends roughly $650-700 a month. 6. ServiceNow (with Now Assist) Best for: large enterprises running IT, HR and facilities service management on one platform. Pros. ServiceNow is the default choice for enterprise ITSM, and its AI benefits from being close to all of that data. Now Assist summarizes incidents, drafts resolution notes, generates KB articles from resolved cases, and powers a Virtual Agent that can complete requests end to end instead of just answering questions. Because it sits on the same platform as the CMDB, change management, and HR and facilities workflows, the AI can act on real records: reset an account, provision software, or open a change request. No other product here offers that level of process depth, governance, and audit trail. In 2026 ServiceNow moved to AI-native tiers, so AI is now included by default rather than sold as a separate SKU. Cons. Cost and complexity. Implementations usually take months and a certified partner, and the platform typically needs dedicated administrators after go-live. Pricing is quote-only and heavily negotiated, so two companies of the same size can pay very different amounts. AI usage now draws from consumption-based "Assist" pools, which adds another capacity figure to forecast and renegotiate. For organizations under about a thousand employees, ServiceNow is usually more platform than they need. Price. There is no public price list. In April 2026, ServiceNow replaced its Standard/Pro/Pro Plus/Enterprise tiers with Foundation, Advanced and Prime, and older SKUs reached end of sale in mid-2026. As a reference point, legacy ITSM Pro licenses were widely reported at around $100-135 per fulfiller per month. Adding Now Assist (Pro Plus) raised that by an estimated 50-60%, to roughly $200-215 per fulfiller per month. Minimum seat commitments, platform fees and implementation services often make the first-year total a six-figure amount. Side-by-side Solution Best fit Pricing model AI included? Copilot Studio + SharePoint Internal IT, Microsoft shops Credits, or free with M365 Copilot licenses Yes (it's only AI, no ticketing) Jitbit SMB and mid-market support and IT Flat monthly plans Yes, unlimited from Startup plan Fin High-volume customer support $0.99 per outcome, plus seats in Intercom It is the product Tidio Small e-commerce Plan plus Lyro conversation add-on Add-on from $39/month Freshdesk Mid-market customer support Per agent, plus Copilot seats and bot sessions Add-on, $29/agent plus sessions ServiceNow Large-enterprise ITSM Quote-only, per fulfiller, plus Assist pools Bundled in 2026 tiers The bottom line Start with the question you're really trying to answer. If you want employees to stop emailing IT about VPN passwords and you already pay Microsoft, build the SharePoint and Copilot Studio agent first. It costs almost nothing, and the documentation you write for it will make any helpdesk you buy later work better. If you need an actual ticketing system with AI included and a predictable bill, Jitbit and Freshdesk are the main choices, and they differ mostly in how AI is charged. If deflecting a large volume of customer chats is the whole goal, Fin sets the standard, as long as you are comfortable with a bill that grows with volume. Tidio fits small online stores. ServiceNow fits organizations large enough to need a service-management platform, with a budget to match. Whatever you choose, AI quality comes from your knowledge base, not the model. Every product here gives better answers with better documentation, so start writing it now.

27th Jun 2026 • 1 votes
Jitbit Helpdesk Bot is now in the Microsoft Teams Store

Our new Microsoft Teams app just passed Microsoft's certification and is live in the Teams Store: Jitbit Helpdesk Bot. Search "Jitbit" in the Teams app store and it's right there - no custom app uploads, no admin-center gymnastics. Unlike our old webhook integration (one-way channel notifications, now deprecated), this is a proper two-way bot: End users create tickets in chat - type new and get a real form with category and priority, or turn any Teams message into a ticket from the "..." message menu. my tickets lists your open requests Technician replies come back to Teams - as cards with an inline answer box, so the whole conversation can happen without opening the helpdesk Channels get actionable ticket cards - @mention the bot, type subscribe, and every new ticket shows up with Take it / Reply / Close buttons. Cards update in place when the ticket changes - whether that happens in Teams or in the web app Setup takes about two minutes: install the app, click "Generate pairing command" on the helpdesk admin page, paste the command into a chat with the bot. Users are matched by their Microsoft 365 email automatically. Self-hosted customers run their own private bot, so ticket traffic never touches our servers. The bot is included with all plans. Details and setup steps: the integration page and the documentation.

8th May 2026 • 1 votes
AI features now run on-premise

Short version: every AI feature we ship on the hosted helpdesk now runs on the self-hosted edition too. It's a separately licensed Docker add-on, perpetual license, one-time payment. Customer data stays on your network. Requires Jitbit Helpdesk v11.22 or newer. Why this took a while Our AI stack isn't a thin wrapper around an LLM API. It's a Python service running a local vector database (Qdrant), embedding models, and a RAG pipeline tuned against support-desk content. That's what makes "similar KB articles" surface the right article, and what keeps reply drafts grounded in your own documentation instead of hallucinated. Running that stack on our own hosting is one thing. Packaging it so your IT team can stand it up on your own hardware without babysitting Python dependencies is another. We sat on it until we had something we'd be comfortable supporting. What you get Similar-article suggestions inside tickets - ranked by semantic similarity, not keyword overlap Semantic KB search for end-users - results ranked by meaning AI-generated reply drafts grounded in your KB, writing-style rules, and the ticket context External documentation indexing - crawl your own docs, wiki, or any internal site and use it as AI context alongside the KB Choice of embedding model - free local model that runs on CPU, or OpenAI embeddings with your own key Generative provider - OpenAI, Azure OpenAI, or AWS Bedrock, customer brings their own key Feature parity with SaaS. No caveats about "basic" ChatGPT integration. How it ships A Docker Compose stack you drop in next to your existing Helpdesk install. Runs on Windows or Linux, bare metal or VM, Intel/AMD or ARM. Upgrades are zero-downtime and preserve Docker volumes — indexed data and cached models carry over. Full setup and system requirements are in the manual. Privacy This is the reason we finally built this. With the bundled local embedding model, nothing about your tickets, KB articles, or indexed documentation leaves your network. No embeddings sent to OpenAI. No vectors stored in a third-party service. The vector DB is a container on a host you own. If you want a generative model for reply drafts, you bring your own API key. Azure OpenAI and AWS Bedrock keep everything inside your existing cloud tenancy, with a BAA if you need one. For regulated on-prem buyers — healthcare, defense, financial services, government — this was the #1 reason you told us you couldn't adopt our AI features. It's no longer a reason. Pricing Licensed separately from the core Helpdesk product. Perpetual license, one-time payment, 1 year of updates included - same model as the rest of the on-prem lineup. No subscription, no per-agent add-on, no per-request fees. See the pricing page for the current price, and the on-prem AI landing page for the full feature list and requirements. Setup instructions live at jitbit.com/docs/ai-on-premise.

10th Feb 2026 • 1 votes
Will AI kill SaaS helpdesks?

Do we even need helpdesk software? I mean, just give an AI agent a markdown skill file with your FAQ and canned responses and let it answer tickets - right? I (obviously) gave it a lot of thought recently and here's my take: If your entire support operation is one person answering the same three questions, congratulations, you've solved customer service. Ship it. For everyone else operating in reality - helpdesk apps do not automate support. They automate the messy human stuff around it. Workflow state & accountability Support isn't just answering questions - it's tracking who's answering them, who dropped the ball, and whose turn it is to care. Who owns this ticket? What's the SLA status? Did the second-line team even look at it, or did it rot in a queue for three days while everyone assumed someone else was on it? Teams need audit trails, escalation chains, and - let's be honest - blame-able history. An AI agent can triage, prioritize, categorize, and even draft a lovely response. It cannot enforce a process across a 70-person org where half the team is in a different timezone and the other half is "working from home" (AKA "at the beach"). Nobody's ripping out a tool for that just because ChatGPT can answer "how do I reset my password?" slightly faster. Customer data gravity You cannot put your entire docs website + a knowledge base into a markdown file. I mean, you can. You'd just need a web crawler to index your docs, dump them into a RAG database, and build an MCP server on top. Then maybe index the old tickets so the agent can search history, and... wait, you've just built a helpdesk app. With years of ticket history. Thousands of macros and canned responses. Customer sentiment patterns. Resolution time benchmarks. That one weird workaround for that one enterprise client that nobody remembers but the system does. That's institutional knowledge. That's training data. An AI agent starting from a markdown file has none of it. It's the new hire who didn't read the wiki - except the wiki doesn't exist yet either, because the wiki is the helpdesk history. Compliance & trust Enterprise buyers need GDPR compliance. Data residency. HIPAA. Audit logs that prove exactly who accessed what and when. "I built an AI agent over the weekend and pointed it at our support email" works great for a single-founder startup, but doesn't survive a procurement review. It barely survives a security questionnaire. Actually, it doesn't survive a security questionnaire - it is the security questionnaire's nightmare scenario. So what's the actual play I'm not here to dismiss AI - helpdesk apps need to absorb it. Embed AI deeply into the helpdesk itself: auto-drafted responses, smart routing, ticket summarization, triage, sentiment detection. Give customers the AI benefit inside the tool they already use, so they never feel the need to replace it. Better yet - become an MCP tool in your AI-powered org or even the orchestration layer. Let customers plug in their own AI agents, but manage them through the helpdesk. Routing rules, fallback-to-human thresholds, confidence scoring, handoff protocols. The helpdesk becomes the control plane, not the answer engine. Which, by the way, is exactly what we're building at Jitbit. The future isn't pure-AI support (customers will revolt) and it isn't pure-human support (too expensive). It's the helpdesk that best orchestrates humans and AI together. The markdown file crowd will figure that out eventually - right around the time their first enterprise prospect asks for an audit trail.

12th Jan 2026 • 1 votes

More in programming

Origin of mail-in vote fuckery

Details of how the White House tried to suppress the vote by messing with mail-in voting. An early proposal was that all ballots would have to be sent via certified mail.

18 minutes ago • 1 votes
Lexxy 1.0 is here

Today we are releasing the version 1.0 of Lexxy. Lexxy is a rich text editor for Rails built on Lexical. It already powers Basecamp, Fizzy and many others, and it will become the default editor in Rails. I recently presented it in Rails World (slides, video coming soon). This is the article version of my talk. Trix hit a wall Trix has been our editor since 2015, and every Rails app’s editor since Action Text shipped in Rails 6. It’s small and reliable, and it has served millions of people for a decade. But in the last few years our customers kept asking for features like tables or code highlighting, and we kept struggling to deliver them. The reason is the Trix document model. A Trix document is a flat list of blocks. A block is a line of text with some labels attached, like quote, bullet list, bullet. There is no tree, and a block can never contain another block. Nesting is an illusion: at render time, adjacent blocks with the same labels get wrapped together. A flat list of blocks with very limited extensibility options That design bought a lot of simplicity, but you can’t express something like a table with it. Two cells next to each other would carry exactly the same labels, so Trix would merge them into one. The model can say “this bullet is one level deeper”. It cannot say “this cell is different from the cell next to it”. A tables issue has been opened since 2015! The model just can’t do it. The second problem was maintenance. An editor built on contenteditable behaves differently in every browser and even changes from time with operating system releases. In 2024, three iOS releases in a row broke typing, dictation or the caret in Trix, and each one cost us real effort to work around. Check this one as an example. Why Lexical This was a conversation we had at 37signals for years: 2022. We started a project to add tables to Trix. We gave up after a week. The document model can’t represent two-dimensional things. 2023. I built a proof of concept with Tiptap inside HEY. We liked it, but we never started a serious project with it. 2024. We built House, our own Markdown editor, for Writebook. Not WYSIWYG, but WYSIWYM: what you see is what you mean. A wonderful editor for long-form writing like books or technical documentation. 2025. We tried House in another product, and it didn’t fit. For most apps, WYSIWYG was just the right answer. 2025. We had the discussion again, and this time we looked at the whole field. Four years of the same conversation David ruled out Tiptap, CKEditor and the other commercial editors: an open source core with features kept proprietary, and a sales team behind them. We didn’t want our editor to depend on somebody else’s licensing decisions. Then we found Lexical: MIT, from Meta, and very powerful. I spent two weeks evaluating it, and in May we made the call to go with it. A tiny core. Pick the rest. Lexical’s core has zero dependencies and weighs forty-two kilobytes. In a way, it validates the approach that Trix pioneered. The document is an immutable state you never mutate directly, you just get new snapshots when performing updates; contenteditable is an input device and a rendering surface, never the source of truth. It has a DOM reconciler to update the actual DOM very efficiently, and other primitives to deal with handling commands and node transformations. Everything else, from lists to tables to markdown, is a package in the orbit. Lexxy uses thirteen of them. Lexical solved the maintenance problem too. Meta’s products like Facebook or Instagram use Lexical and their user count is in the hundreds of millions. This means that even small issues with new keyboards and devices are fixed fast by the dedicated Meta team that maintains it. Furthermore, Meta’s business is the products, not the editor. We much rather liked this structure of incentives for the long-term investment an editor represents. The iceberg The plan was simple. Pick Lexical, wire it up to Action Text, add a toolbar and ship it. Well, it didn’t go exactly like that. What you envision, and what's under the water Lexxy today is thirteen thousand lines of vanilla JavaScript on top of Lexical. A great editing experience is very hard to get right. An editor is a machine where the user can change the state in a thousand different ways. For example. you have two images one after the other and want to put the cursor between them, but there is nothing there to put a cursor in. Or somebody pastes from Google Docs, and you have to turn a pile of inline styles and empty spans into clean markup. And then Safari, and Android keyboards, and the clipboard, and undo, and… From the first pull request to Basecamp 5 The first pull request landed in May 2025. Fizzy launched with Lexxy in December, and Basecamp 5 in May this year. Basecamp was the real test: twenty years of content written with Trix, and people who use the editor all day, every day. Zoltán Hosszú and Samuel Péchèr were the key people who made this happen. The took a very green version of Lexxy, added a ton of features (including Tables) and polish, and they fixed countless bugs. They also pulled off a remarkable milestone: seamlessly switching millions of Basecamp users from Trix to Lexxy. What’s included? We didn’t want a to build Trix with tables. We had Lexical and we had agents to help, so we wanted to be ambitious here. We went for the whole package. Features In terms of major features: A color highlighter, built in instead of this being a custom Basecamp extension, as it was with Trix. Tables, with an interface we worked hard to keep simple and accessible. Markdown. You type it, you get rich text. Code blocks with syntax highlighting as you type, in more than twenty languages. Image galleries you can navigate and reorder with the keyboard. Prompts. Type a character, get a menu: mentions, emoji, or whatever your app needs. Links by pasting a URL over selected text. Previews of attachments like videos and PDFs, rendered as your app renders them. Action Text Native Lexxy is also Action Text native. Action Text stores attachments in a canonical format that Trix doesn’t speak, so it translates on save and again on render. We taught Lexxy to emit exactly that markup. What you see in the editor is what gets saved, and what gets saved is what your app renders. Your existing content, attachments and views keep working. That opened another door. Action Text now talks to an editor adapter, with an implementation for Trix and one for Lexxy, so switching is one line: config.action_text.editor = :lexxy. Here the credit goes to Sean Doyle, who started that pull request before Lexxy existed and took it to the finish line with our input. It ships with Rails 8.2, and we hope other editors will use it too. Extensibility And you can extend Lexxy. Extensions are built on Lexical’s own mechanism, and this is not a second-class API: Lexxy itself is thirteen extensions, tables included, and Basecamp has nine more. class MyExtension extends Lexxy.Extension { get enabled() { … } get allowedElements() { … } get lexicalExtension() { return this.defineExtension({ name: "my-extension", nodes: [ … ], register(editor) { … } }) } initializeToolbar(toolbar) { … } dispose() { … } } Lexxy.configure({ global: { extensions: [ MyExtension ] } }) My favorite of how extensible is Lexxy are voice notes in Basecamp: you record, you see the waveform while you talk, and it becomes a player inside the document. About a thousand lines, without forking or patching anything. Performance Lexxy is fast, because Lexical is fast. In a ten thousand word document, Trix takes thirty-eight milliseconds to process a keystroke. Lexxy takes four. Above fifty milliseconds, the editor starts feeling sluggish. Compared to Trix, Lexxy brought a whole new performance regime. Milliseconds per keystroke by document size Accessibility Accessibility in Trix was not great. In general, building accessible experiences for rich text editors built on top of contenteditable is quite hard. We had a dream team to help with Lexxy accessibility. Bruno Prieto worked with Michael Berger, our accessibility champion at 37signals, to bring the bar to where we wanted it to be. Bruno is an outstanding programmer who happens to be blind, so he knows one thing or two about accessibility, and he delivered. As a result, in Lexxy everything is reachable with the keyboard. The editor announces itself properly to screen readers, and it gets a thousand details right so that the editing experience using a screen reader is fantastic. You can learn more about accessibility in our docs. Security The latest AI models have resulted in an unprecedented explosion of vulnerabilities found, and we took this thread quite seriously. Lexxy counted with programmers of the caliber of Jeremy Daer and Mike Dalessio helping to make it more secure. We have put a lot of attention to sanitizing the editor contents, validating attachment URLs and making sure that the types of attachments and nodes the editor support are allow-listed. Lexxy also comes with preliminary Trusted Types support, to offer CSP-level control over certain DOM manipulation APIs. The trusted types policy is there, but we are not enforcing it everywhere yet. Agents We started Lexxy using Claude since day one. A main lesson was that an agent needs to drive the editor like a user does. The best decision we made in this project was moving the system tests from Capybara to Playwright: three browsers instead of one, a suite that runs in seconds, and a much more faithful clipboard, keyboard and focus. This represented a tremendous improvement in how agents could close the loop by themselves. Write a test, see it fail, fix it, see it pass. We have more than six hundred browser tests today. Moving the suite to Playwright changed how fast we could write tests With a solid testing foundation in place, we could start fixing bugs in large batches. As mentioned, getting a text editor right implies a ton of work, and the kind of backlog we got at some point would have have buried us in pre-agent times. We also used agents to validate the fixes: an agent reproduces the bug in the public Lexxy sandbox, checks that it’s gone with the branch applied, and labels the pull request. Agents were essential to get Lexxy done with the people and the deadlines we had: we are a small company, and the same people were shipping two products in parallel. 275 cards closed The new Rails default We believe Lexxy is the best rich text editor out there right now, and we are going to make it the default editor in Rails next. If you’re starting a Rails application today, use Lexxy. If you’re using Action Text with a standard configuration, switch. It’s one line, and we’ve worked hard to make it seamless.

56 minutes ago • 1 votes
George Dryden

Reading my recent computing retrospective, I realised there was a big section missing: the people in my life that made an impact and helped shape my career. Outside my immediate family, one person made an outsized contribution, and I’m fairly certain that without his influence my life would have taken a very different path. The fact that I’m still here in 2026, still writing code and being fortunate enough to have a career in something I love is testament to him. So I’d like to take a few moments to talk about my old secondary school teacher, George Dryden. Denied Back in 1995, I had a problem. I knew I wanted to study computing at university and build a career out of my passion, but there was a snag. For those unfamiliar with the UK schooling system, when you’re 15-16 you take a set of GCSE exams in a broad range of subjects. After that, you pick around 3 subjects to really focus on over a period of 2 years. These are called A Levels, and they are a big step up and are meant to prepare you for a degree-level course at university. Admission to university is also governed by these results - if you want to study computing, you’re going to need a computing A-Level, and most universities will only accept you (or “make an offer”) if you achieve a certain grade. And whilst I had taken computing at a GCSE level, my school did not offer a computing A-Level course. I instead had to settle on “Design & Technology”, which just didn’t inspire me. Instead of working on my portfolio and projects, I spent most of my time daydreaming and writing code on the Acorn Archimedes computers that were the staple of every 90s UK school. No disrespect to the teachers - they were all awesome - but it just wasn’t for me. I was miserable, and by the end of my first year, I was well on my way to failing outright with my entire future plans seemingly going up in smoke. Someone noticed That’s when George stepped in. He’d taught me computing right the way through my GCSEs, and with no A-Level course on offer, that was officially where his involvement was supposed to have ended. It didn’t. He had noticed my constant presence in the computing labs - before and after school, during lunch breaks, free “study” periods - working on some little pet project or digging into RISC OS internals. I remember him as warm, with a wicked, dry sense of humour, and a refreshingly spiky attitude to authority - I always got the sense he’d worked out for himself which rules were worth taking seriously and which ones weren’t. And he always had time for me. I spent years pestering him with questions that had nothing to do with anything on the syllabus, and he’d always find a way to answer them that actually made sense. He was just as supportive of my odd little obsessions. At one point I’d got deep into the BBS scene, which I thought was the coolest thing ever, and decided what the school really needed was an internal BBS running on its own network. So I wrote one. It was deeply cringeworthy, obviously - but George helped me put posters up around the school advertising it, and even gave it a mention in assembly one morning. I think about five people in total ever checked it out. It didn’t matter: a teacher had stood up in front of the entire school and treated my weird little project like it was worth something, and that was a hugely validating moment for me. Off the books He recognised the passion, and eventually he made a suggestion: What if I quit the Design and Technology course, and instead attempt the A-level course myself? Personally, I also suspect he was enjoying himself. There was some internal school politics behind why computing wasn’t offered at A-Level in the first place - I never knew the details - and I think the prospect of one of his students simply going out and getting the qualification anyway appealed to him on two separate levels. It would get me where I wanted to go, and it would wind up exactly the right people. It wouldn’t be easy, he warned. The school would be against it, plus it was a two-year course which I’d have to cram into one year. I’d have to do it all myself - studying, lesson planning, coursework - he couldn’t help me in an official capacity, but he said he’d advocate for me and help where he could. If I had assignments, he’d send them off to be graded and would give feedback in his own time. He’d enter me in for the exams and also gave me a set of keys to the computer lab so I could use it whenever I needed. It was the first time anybody outside my own family had really shown faith in my abilities and encouraged me to take a stand. It was a pivotal moment for me - I realised if I wanted something badly enough I would have to fight for it, but I could still make it happen. I didn’t have to take “NO” for an answer - a lesson I think I picked up from watching him as much as from anything he ever actually said to me. After a few weeks of dithering, I took the jump. I remember a few awkward meetings with the school administration but thanks to his behind-the-scenes work, I was soon following my dream. An intense year And yes, it was bloody hard work. I had to condense an entire two year course into under a year, be disciplined enough to produce my own study plan, and be critical enough of my own shortcomings that I could focus my study where it was needed. I pretty much lived and breathed it for months straight and was more-or-less a permanent fixture in the labs or school library poring over my course books. I’d make lists of questions and chat to George over lunch, and he’d provide guidance and encouragement. It was a lonely way to learn with no classmates to compare notes with, no lessons to turn up to, and right up until the end I had no real idea whether any of it was good enough - but bit by bit, it started to feel like something I could actually pull off. And sure enough, in the late spring of 1996, I sat down in an exam hall with my fellow students, the only one with an A-Level computing question paper in front of me. The final exam went by in a blur - I can only remember a few of the questions now (and a peculiar obsession with the Pascal language) - but I do remember the euphoria as the invigilator called “time’s up, pens down, close your papers NOW”. I had done it. A few nerve-wracking months later, my Mum drove me into school to pick up my results. I ripped open the envelope and saw it - I’d passed with an A grade! I literally ran up the stairs to George’s office next to the computing labs to thank him personally. I’d taken my camera into school to take a few last photos for memory’s sake and snapped this photo of him before I walked out the school gates for the last time: A different path Because of him, I managed to get into my university of choice, studying computing with a focus on networks. Because of that, I landed my first job working as a “webmaster”, and my career since has been one of the highlights of my life. All these years later, it’s a real privilege to be able to get up each morning and actively look forward to working in an industry I love. Without George stepping up for me and encouraging me to believe in myself, none of that would have happened. I wouldn’t have had the career I have, and I wouldn’t be where I am now. I met my wife when we both worked at a software company - she sat at the desk behind me - so even my home and family life can be traced back to that spring of 1996. And the A-Level itself was only half of what I took away from that year. The qualification opened the door to university, but the lesson that came with it was every bit as important: that a “no” isn’t always the end of it, and that sometimes the answer can be argued with. I’m so proud of what I managed to achieve all those years ago, and even more thankful to have had someone like George in my life to put me on the right track. Mr. Dryden I did see him again after I left. He drank in one of my local pubs - a pub I’d been going to for a good while before I was technically old enough to be in it - and I’d say hello if I spotted him in there, mostly in the months before I moved away to university. After that it was only a handful of times. For years I’d find myself scanning the room whenever I was back home and in for a pint, half expecting him to be at the bar. At some point I stopped seeing him altogether and eventually moved across the country. The trouble was I never really knew how to talk to him outside of school. He was always Mr. Dryden, or just “Sir”, I don’t think I ever once called him George to his face! I was (and still am if I’m honest) fairly socially awkward, and I never worked out how to phrase the thing I actually wanted to say: that he had changed the entire direction of my life, and I wasn’t sure he knew it. So instead I’d say hello, and ask how he was, talk about nothing much, and go back to my friends. Epilogue Sadly, 3 years ago now, I opened the latest issue of my old school alumni newsletter to read that he’d passed away. The photo at the start of this article was taken from his obituary article and I read that he’d had a long illness and had suffered from dementia at the end. I did write to him years ago by email - I don’t know if he ever got it, or was in any capacity to understand what he’d done for me, but I hope so. There’s an old saying by one of my favourite authors (Terry Pratchett) that “no one is finally dead until the ripples they cause in the world die away”. In one of his books, a character keeps the memory of his son alive by passing his name along a series of telegraph towers. It’s in that spirit that I’m writing this post - I debated it for many years as it’s very personal to me and I also have no contact with any of George’s family so I have no idea what they would make of it all. But even though it’s 30+ years ago now, I will never forget him or what he did for me - and at least now, if someone searches his name it’ll be recorded here for as long as I’m alive and running this site. Thank you, Sir. George Dryden 1942-2023

yesterday • 1 votes
How Copy-on-Write Works with Memory-Mapped Files

Let’s step inside the kernel and understand how it implements copy-on-write and what are its implications for the performance of user-space systems

yesterday • 1 votes
If we do not stop to help each other, what do we become?

Yesterday, I received this email as a response to You Can't Vibe Code Love. It's such a remarkable and powerful statement that I asked permission to share it here, in its entirety, with personal information redacted: Hey Jeff, Hope you and your family are doing well.

3 days ago • 1 votes
📚 BoredReading

You seem to be enjoying this.

Join free to unlock everything.

Create free account

Already have an account? Sign in