Enslaved Africans in Brazil who managed to escape the plantations and harsh labor systems took refuge in difficult-to-access areas outside of Portuguese control and formed communities, quilombos. Here, they not only managed to survive but also to rebuild the social and cultural structures of their African roots. Over time, they also developed alternative models […]

In March 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte assumed command of France’s Army of Italy. Revolutionary France’s government, the Directory, prioritized their forces fighting in Germany. In other words, Napoleon’s army tasked with invading northern Italy was initially more of a diversion in the larger military picture. However, Napoleon’s resounding victories over Piedmontese and Austrian forces soon […]

American Patriots referred to the years 1779 and 1780 during the Revolutionary War (1775-1783) as the “Dark Days.” Indeed, the American cause faced numerous setbacks during this period. For instance, American general Benedict Arnold’s stunning treason nearly resulted in losing the strategic position of West Point, New York. Moreover, historian Walter Edgar (2001) notes […]

In the digital age, anyone can explore the world’s cultural treasures without leaving home. From the Louvre to the British Museum, major institutions now offer vast collections of historical and art images online. Most of these images are free to use and can be downloaded, making them accessible to researchers, students, and art lovers […]

The term “Scholasticism” refers to the philosophical method practiced at the “schools” or universities during the Middle Ages (hence the name Scholasticism). The word is a broad umbrella term for a kind of philosophical practice dominant during the Middle Ages in Europe. This means that several philosophers can arguably be placed into this category, […]