More from What To Cook
Hi! Woah. I leave for the East Coast to start my Make It Fast (please for the love of ME, pre-order it!!!) book tour in less than 48 hours. My literary agent just called to check in on my mental state and I’ll tell you what I told her— I’m honestly feeling great. I haven’t started packing, but I’ve got a million outfit options strewn about my closet, and I’ll get there eventually. The flights are booked and the hotel reservations are made. It’s go time, baby. I’m also thrilled to announce that I have officially entered phase 5 of the creative process: With my last book, I was firmly still in phase #4 (“I suck”) until the book had actually been published and all of you started to cook from it and share your photos and reviews and love of the book. But with Make It Fast, I hosted a party and gave the book to my friends and family two weeks before pub day! I created an Illegal Bookclub and roped in my friends all across the country to share advanced copies of the book with their communities! And, comically, Indigo (the main Canadian seller of the book) accidentally sent all of the pre-orders like two weeks early, so all of the Canadian What To Cookers out there have had their books for a week now! And Canadians are so nice — they are sending so much positivity my way! So there are a LOT of people out in the world, people who I love and trust, who have already seen it, and cooked from it, and told me how much they love it. Thus launching me into phase #5 (“this might be ok”) a few weeks earlier than my last book publishing cycle. I guess, if I’m being honest, what I’m saying is that I require external validation to feel good about my work? Is that pathetic? I don’t think so. I think it’s a real, honest part of most (all?) people’s creative process. It feels really scary and vulnerable to launch a piece of work that you’ve worked so hard on out into the world. It feels a little bit like dropping your deeply feeling, sensitive, absolutely incredible child off at Kindergarten for the first day of school. Will he make friends? Will the teachers understand how creative and kind and cool he is? Will they be patient with him and let him finish his art project because he really doesn’t like when he doesn’t get to finish his art project? Will the world love him as much as I do? This analogy is not random: I am dropping my deeply feeling sensitive child off at Kindergarten for his first day of school tomorrow, and the jitters and unease of that feel so akin to publishing a book. By next Wednesday when I send this newsletter, Make It Fast will be in your kitchens, if you’ve pre-ordered (have I mentioned I’d really love it if you could pre-order?). I’ll have already been on Good Morning America two mornings in a row (bless them, what an invitation!), spoken with Jenna Bush Hager in front of an audience of you in Brooklyn, yapped with Dan Pelosi in Boston, chatted with Kerry Diamond in DC, and I’ll be en route to Charlotte where I’ll be in conversation with our very own Molly from What To Cook. I am excited, and I am nervous, and just like I’ve been telling my five-year-old, it’s OK to feel both of those things at once. And Phase 6 (“this is awesome”) is just around the corner for both of us. There are lots of other book tour dates — check them all out here! Today’s So Into That is sponsored by FP Movement. We’ve talked about our love for their Carpe Diem shorts many times before (a truly perfect athletic short at a very good price point!), but FP Movement has many more athleisure pieces we love. From Molly from What To Cook: I’m on vacation at the beach this week and have been living in this dress and shorts combo when I’m not in a bathing suit. It’s so so comfy and easy to throw on for beach walks — it’ll also be great to wear on the sports sidelines when it’s 100 degrees outside. I’m a shortie (5’3”) and had to shorten the straps a tiny bit (worth the effort!). We also love these biker shorts with this boxy short sleeve and this oversized long sleeve! * Dr. Becky invited me to plan the menu for a REALLY special dinner celebrating Good Inside Baby on Monday in LA. I got to hang with MALLY K. GOLDMAN and Megan Roup and Elaine Welteroth and so many incredible, smart women who make motherhood safer, more fun, stronger, and more fashionable. The dilly feta salad with feta brined shrimp, flank steak with elote salad, and bbq chicken are all straight from the book! My menu concept was elegant California BBQ and I think we nailed it! PS If you’re in LA, Heirloom catered and they rule. PS because I know you all want to know, Becky is awesome IRL. She is a fellow insomniac romance book lover, she values her female friendships so highly and they come up in conversation all the time (this is always a green flag for me when I meet new people), and she’s just so incredibly smart, insightful, and cool. This is not sponsored but we’ve swapped codes for each other in the past and my Good Inside code still works — you can use code WHATTOCOOK to get 20% off a subscription to Good Inside if you could use a little parenting assist (like with how to get your deeply feeling kid to dread the first day of school less!). * I recently worked with Groundwork to hire a new team member (woohooooo, Meg!) and it was such an incredible experience that I wanted to share. Three in four U.S. workers are also caregivers, and as that caregiving work collides with mid-career years, most end up forced to choose between staying all in at real personal cost or stepping away entirely — becoming a hugely qualified, "off-market" talent pool that's actually eager to work, just on slightly different terms. Groundwork connects people like that with employers building smarter, more flexible teams. In my case, I knew I needed help in a certain space but had no idea how to define the role or find the right person. They sat down with me, helped flesh it out, wrote the job description, sourced candidates, and ran interviews, and took it all off my plate. And brought me the most INCREDIBLE CANDIDATES! Like lights out brilliant women. If you're a small business owner stuck in hiring limbo, or you're job hunting and sick of the LinkedIn black hole, Groundwork is worth a look. * From Molly: A go-to breakfast of mine this summer has been avocado toast inspired by some Caro made for our team last time I was in Carmel. Mashed avocado seasoned with salt and pepper, slathered on a thick slice of GOOD toasted sourdough, and topped with chili crisp, pickled red onions, flaky sea salt, and fresh cilantro. So good. * From Molly: I’ve been slathering on this body oil after time in the sun this week — it’s very luxurious feeling and makes my skin glowy! From Caro: Oh I love this too!!! It really does not make you feel oily at all, it absorbs so nicely. My publishers are dropping a few more advance reader copies of Make It Fast in the mail to some of my media/Internet friends this week, and I told them to save some for WTCers!! We are going to mail three of you a copy of Make It Fast, along with a Butter Pants spatula and a Caraway kitchen timer! To enter to win, comment on this post with the meal you cook most often when you absolutely do not feel like cooking. It doesn’t have to be from scratch! For example, mine has historically been frozen dumplings and peanut sauce, and Molly’s is pasta with Rao’s marinara and frozen meatballs. Comment between now and August 10 — we will randomly select three winners next Tuesday, August 11, and alert them by Substack DM! Every week, we dig into the What To Cook archives to see what we were cooking this time in years past — the recipes worth bringing back into your rotation. Here’s this week’s lineup. 1. salmorejo, 2025 Oooh, this is such a good one. Traditional salmorejo! From José Andrés! If you have boatloads of ripe tomatoes that need to be used up, make this creamy chilled tomato soup. It gets its creaminess in part from blended artisanal bread, so if you have any leftover sourdough from this week’s summer shrimp panzanella, use it here! 2. skillet cheddar turkey burgers, 2024 Juicy, cheesy turkey burgers seared in a skillet and served with a tangy, punchy burger sauce — this recipe (which is an excerpt from What to Cook the book #1!) is just so good. Go classic with buns, or shake things up and make sliders for a party, meatballs for dipping, or crumbled patties in pita for lunch the next day. 3. turkey meatballs with corn butter rice, 2023 These juicy turkey meatballs are packed with flavor, but the real star of the show is the buttery corn-studded rice. It’s sweet, savory, summer perfection. While you’re cooking, double the meatballs and freeze half for later — future you will be thrilled. 4. healthy (or not as healthy…) corn chowder, 2022 Sweet corn gets blended into a creamy, cozy chowder that tastes like summer in a bowl. Keep it light with coconut milk, or go richer with heavy cream — both versions are equally delicious. Make it on a Sunday and thank yourself all week — it reheats beautifully and somehow tastes even better on day two. 5. sheet-pan crispy pork chops with fennel and peaches, 2021 These roasted peaches are iconic — soft, jammy, and caramelized at the edges. Add in sweet, roasty red onions and fennel, plus golden, crispy pork chops, and you’ve got an easy dinner that feels delightfully fancy. The method works just as well with chicken breasts or sausages if that’s what you’ve got. We use affiliate links when sharing product recs, which means WTC may earn a small commission off of purchases you make through those links. This does not cost you anything extra and is a way to support the production of and team behind What To Cook. Sponsorships are another way we partner with brands that we authentically love and can personally vouch for. This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit whattocook.substack.com/subscribe
I mentioned earlier this summer that I have been working on something BIG and it’s finally time to share what that something is: I’m launching a show here on Substack!!! What To Cook is (for now!) an eight-episode series that takes you inside our home, right into the dinnertime fray. In each episode, I race against the clock to prove that my recipes truly take the amount of time I say they do, even when your kids are acting absolutely bananas. It’s chaos cooking at its finest. Every single recipe in this first “season” takes 30 minutes or less of active cook time, just like in my upcoming book, Make It Fast. On Fridays I’ll share the new episode, then — like always! — the recipe will hit your inbox Saturday morning. I had so much fun making this for all of you, and I can’t wait to share the first episode with you tomorrow!! xx Caro PS, I got to work with an incredible team on this and I’d love to take a moment to thank them here: * My Substack darlings: Dan Stone, Hanne Winarsky, Michele Dale, Ariel Swedback, Nish Bhansali, Hamish, Jai and Chris, and all of the other Substackers behind the scenes, for believing in me and What To Cook and helping me make cool things for 5+ years now! * A New Media: Jana and Chitty, for gathering the most wonderful team of individuals to make this thing happen. * Jake and Meredith (and their son, Gamble, who attended one day of the shoot and my children adopted): My video + editing powerhouse. Adore you guys, thank you for making magic out of complete chaos. * Jess Mills: My dear friend who said yes when I asked her to be the food producer having never ever done anything like this before (she is an incredible artist, in fact!) — thank you, thank you, thank you for being a part of this and sorry I made you be onscreen so much and didn’t tell you that was a part of the gig hehe. * Zach: Your video skills rule but your willingness to do dishes and play with my children cemented your place in my heart! Do you still have the friendship bracelet Calum made you? * Jillian and Molly and Adam: For doing all of the things to make this crazy train not fall off the tracks. * Cometeer team: For answering the call when I said I’m obsessed with your coffee, you are the coffee equivalent of my recipes, so want to sponsor a show about cooking in the midst of utter chaos?! I’m sipping an Intelligentsia French Roast right this minute :) Every episode of What To Cook will star the complete-meal dinner recipe I’ll be sending to paid subscribers the following morning. If you want access to all eight recipes I’ll be showcasing in this series, upgrade to a paid or Insiders subscription here! Let’s cook together — one chaotic kitchen to another ❤️ This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit whattocook.substack.com/subscribe
Thanks to everyone who joined for today’s Substack live cooking demo — if you couldn’t make it, find a full replay above! In the demo, I cooked smoky mole chicken enchiladas with lime crema, a recipe that turns a few humble pantry staples (peanut butter, chocolate chips, tortillas, tomato paste, spices, and chipotles en adobo!) into a delicious weeknight dinner. The only fresh ingredients you’ll need are chicken breasts, white onion, a red bell pepper, some shredded cheese, sour cream, and a lime! Recipes that rely heavily on pantry staples are easy to make on nights when the fridge is mostly bare — they can also be more budget-friendly, since the cost-per-use of ingredients like peanut butter and spices is often quite low. Thank you to Thrive Market for sponsoring today’s live cook-along, which allowed us to make it free for all subscribers! Thank you also to Thrive for making it so very easy for me to keep my pantry stocked up with high-quality ingredients (at an excellent price point!). In addition to pantry staples, Thrive is my go-to source for kids snacks and clean home products — I love that everything they sell is free from more than 1,000 artificial, synthetic, and GMO ingredients. I also LOVE their app and use it to immediately add ingredients to my cart as soon as I finish them, so that I don’t have to write them down or try to remember later. Sign up here to get 30% off your first order (STOCK UP!) and a free $60 gift. Now’s a great time because everyone — new and existing members — can get 25% off many products right now during their Friends & Family sale, which runs through Thursday. Also FYI that new-to-Thrive What To Cook Insiders get $100 off their first four orders! While we’re talking pantry staples, here are a handful of ingredients that pack a TON of flavor that I always keep on hand. We’ve linked WTC recipes to cook with each! * Coconut milk — Coconut milk’s a great dairy-free sub for cream that you can use in curries, smoothies, and soups. In my house though, it’s most often used to make coconut rice! * Chipotles en adobo — We used these smoky, spicy peppers today for our mole chicken enchiladas! You can also use them for chipotle black bean enchiladas and cheesy chipotle shrimp tacos. Rarely does a recipe use the whole can, so store your leftover peppers and sauce in an airtight bag in the freezer. * Creamy peanut butter — My house is never without a jar! Again, we used it here in our mole sauce, but I also love mixing it with soy sauce, rice vinegar, and honey for a peanut sauce to serve on noodles or alongside potstickers. This peanut veggie curry is delightful, as are PB&Js, apples with peanut butter, smoothies bulked up with PB… the uses go on and on! * Curry paste — Curry paste packs SO MUCH flavor into just one spoonful! Keep your pantry (or fridge, once you’ve opened it) stocked with red curry paste (Mike’s is my favorite) and you can cook thai chicken chops, one-pot pumpkin chickpea curry, and thai tofu curry noodle soup! * Jarred marinara/tomato sauce — You could make a homemade marinara… or let someone do it for you! I’ve written many recipes with store-bought jarred marinara/tomato sauce listed as an ingredient because if you get a high-quality brand (my favorite is Rao’s), it really does taste homemade and will save you so much time and effort. Stock up on a jar to be able to cook 30-minute chicken Parm meatballs, messy meatball sliders, shortcut shakshuka, and 5-ingredient eggplant marinara. What flavor-bomb ingredients is your pantry never without?! For a complete rundown on what I consider to be a perfectly stocked pantry, click here. And for a fun take on this topic, read “If My Pantry Were to Disappear, Here’s What I’d Restock Immediately” — a Bon Appétit article written by Alaina Chou that I recently weighed in on! This is a public episode. If you'd like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit whattocook.substack.com/subscribe
Hi! First of all, I recorded a voiceover of this So Into That! Click the play button above if you’d like to listen. I really, really tried not to cry, but it was just a crying kind of day apparently. I’ve had a wild few weeks of travel — both for pleasure to Mexico with the kids, and then, eight hours after landing from Mexico, I left for a 10-day work trip that included announcing my new book on Good Morning America, delivering a keynote at my alma mater (go Heels), taping an upcoming appearance on The Drew Barrymore Show, bringing my 5-year-old along for the second half of the trip, and having a bazillion meetings and coffees in between. That 10-day trip marked the end of breastfeeding my fourth baby. I breastfed my first baby for 14 months, my second baby for 12 months, my third baby for six months, and my fourth baby for seven months. That’s three years and three months of breastfeeding. Before I go on, I want to say that I am not writing this to glorify breastfeeding. Any way you feed your baby is absolutely perfect. Formula rules. Giving a baby a pumped milk or formula bottle is just as cozy and wonderful (and also difficult at times) as breastfeeding, and provides many or all of the same moments I share below. But I did breastfeed (in combination with formula for my last two babies), so, now that that chapter of my life is behind me, I wrote a toast to it, to say goodbye. Breastfeeding: You made my boobs resemble empty wind socks, you made me question every single food or drink I had consumed in a 48-hour period whenever my baby wiggled slightly too much in his sleep, you made me smell so, so bad, you made my nipples bleed, you made my boobs leak in so many public places, and, according to my math, you consumed roughly 2,400 hours, aka 99 entire days, of my life over the past seven years. You also allowed me to spend precious hours alone with my tiny, perfect babies, to escape countless boring conversations, to get out of so many tedious obligations, and to hide in dark rooms at parties. You created quiet pockets of time in the middle of loud, busy life. You gave me thousands of small moments with my babies that I’ll never quite be able to explain to anyone who wasn’t there with us. I have loved you, I have hated you, and I have felt pretty whatever about you, sometimes all in the same minute. And it’s time for us to say goodbye forever. But before we do, here’s a toast to you. To the 1 a.m. feeds, the 3 a.m. feeds, the 3:45 a.m. feeds, the 5 a.m. feeds, and the 5:32 a.m. feeds, when the whole house was silent except for the rhythmic, baby-piglet snorts and gulps. To that first successful latch. To that first public breastfeeding session when you’re still trying to maintain a shred of modesty. To that last public breastfeeding session when you’ve thrown modesty to the wind. To the newly postpartum oxytocin blasts that felt like drugs. To never ever sitting in the rocking chair that my mother-in-law so lovingly bought me, instead preferring to breastfeed in bed, surrounded by pillows, in what my sons aptly named “mama’s nest.” To the frantic “I NEED WATER! SERIOUSLY, I’M DYING, PLEASE HELP ME RIGHT NOW!” shouts to my husband. To the times he handed it to me before I even asked and it felt like the truest form of love. To my sons asking “does he need to drink yer boob!?” every time the baby cried. To all the food dropped on my babies’ heads. To going from breastfeeding being a quiet, peaceful time to learning how to breastfeed while kissing toddler boo boos, or feeding myself lunch, or building MagnaTile castles, or making snacks. To living life to a soundtrack of white noise. To crying while listening to Michelle Obama’s memoir in my first baby’s first nursery. To flipping the pages of so many books with my chin because I didn’t have any free hands. To my body literally having a super power: the ability to instantly calm a baby. To powering through the extreme discomfort of breastfeeding on the bleachers at a baseball game or on a 90-degree day at a water park or on one of those tiny chairs at a pre-K teacher conference. To the hours spent pinned under a sleeping child, oscillating between feeling trapped and feeling like I was exactly where I was meant to be. To the way a soft diaper-clad newborn felt curled against my soft, squishy postpartum body. To the milk drunk faces. To the milk that dribbled out of the side of their mouth when they couldn’t even stay awake long enough to finish that mouthful. To kissing their little face and tasting the sugariness of my own milk and being kind of grossed out but not really. To helping me get to know my babies. To helping me understand every single noise they made except for the really weird ones that made me and my husband or whatever big kid was in the room laugh and laugh at the absurdity of such a tiny, adorable baby making such a wild noise. To my body waking up when the baby’s breathing changed ever so slightly because they’d just woken up. To the cheeks and thighs and knuckle dimples and wrist rolls my body created. To all the times I’ve nibbled on those cheeks and thighs and wrist rolls because I had no other option, I had to. To the thousands of hours of anxiety, joy, pain, and overwhelming contentment. To the end of an era. No more nursing bras. No more leaky boobs. No more pumping! No more calculating feed times before leaving the house. Thank you for allowing me to feed another human with my body, how cool. Thank you for the quiet moments, the escape hatch, and the excuse to re-watch every single season of Gray’s Anatomy. And now, respectfully, lovingly, goodbye. Unless you’re brand new here, you know that I’m a huge audiobook fan. Audiobooks accompany me on walks, make doing the dishes and folding clothes infinitely more fun, and played in my ear so, so often while I fed/rocked/walked/shushed my babies over the last seven years. I am excited to be partnering with Macmillan Audio today to introduce you to my new-favorite listen that I can’t bring myself to press pause on: This Story Might Save Your Life (TSMSYL) by Tiffany Crum, which released yesterday! I’ve been venturing outside of my usual romance reading over the last few months and am loving this story — it’s part romance, part suspense, with a touch of humor. And the audiobook specifically is a work of art. To celebrate the release of TSMSYL, we chatted with Tiffany! CARO: Before we get into This Story Might Save Your Life, we want to learn about you! I know (but also can’t believe because it’s so well done) that this is your debut novel — give us a quick rundown on your path to becoming a novelist. TIFFANY: First of all, thank you so much for inviting me into your community! My path to getting published was a long one. I’ve always loved writing, but I never allowed myself to pursue it as a career until my oldest son was born. That was when I realized: if I wanted my children to grow up believing they could follow their dreams, I needed to teach by example and follow mine first. I’d love to end the story there and say that was all it took — boom, immediate book deal! — but in reality it was a winding 18-year journey of writing manuscripts that will (very happily) never see the light of day. In the end, This Story Might Save Your Life is the one where all that practice and determination finally came together. CARO: I can relate to so much of that! How long have you wanted to be an author, and what did you do professionally before writing this book? TIFFANY: I’m not kidding when I say I didn’t even let myself think about writing novels until my first son was born. Before I became a parent, I worked full time as an executive assistant in the film industry. After he was born, I reprioritized. I chose to work part time so I could carve out space to pursue my dream while raising our son, and later our sons. We struggled for many of those years, but my husband was completely on board. He likes to say he never had any choice in the matter because I’m miserable when I don’t have time to write, but that really downplays how supportive he’s always been. CARO: Where do you live and where are you from? TIFFANY: I grew up on a dairy farm just down the road from a maximum-security prison, which is a pretty good origin story for someone who ended up writing suspense. After many years living in California, I now live outside Atlanta with my husband, our two sons, and our two dogs. CARO: What was your inspiration for This Story Might Save Your Life? How and when did the idea come to you? How long did it take you to complete this novel? TIFFANY: I’ve always been fascinated by the strange intimacy of podcasts. When you listen to someone’s voice for hundreds of hours, you start to feel like you know them — even though you’ve never actually met them. This made me wonder: what if something terrible happened to one half of a beloved podcast duo? How would the audience react? And what if the story behind the microphone turned out to be very different from what listeners believed? The first draft came together quickly because I was head over heels in love with these characters, but, like most novels, it went through several rounds of revision before it became the version readers have now. CARO: OK now give us the scoop on This Story Might Save Your Life! Will you sum up the plot? TIFFANY: This Story Might Save Your Life is both a thriller and a love story about two best friends, Benny and Joy, who host a wildly popular comedy survival podcast, and what happens when one goes missing and the survival story becomes their own. CARO: Is there a podcast that inspired Benny and Joy’s — their dynamic together, if not the content itself? TIFFANY: I’m a longtime podcast listener, and I’ve always loved shows hosted by close friends, particularly My Favorite Murder. Karen Kilgariff and Georgia Hardstark were a real source of inspiration for me, not just because of their tangent-filled banter, but also their incredible trajectory to fame. I had a blast writing a duo whose friendship feels as fun and unpredictable as theirs. CARO: I’m an audiobook lover and was so excited to learn that this book’s narrated by Julia Whelan (my fave!) and Sean Patrick Hopkins. And I’ve been blown away by the production of it all. Why the extra attention on audio? TIFFANY: I’m a huge audiobook fan, as well! And because the story revolves around a podcast, it was exciting to have the opportunity to really lean into the audio format. Julia Whelan (the queen!) and Sean Patrick Hopkins are phenomenal narrators. Not only did they absolutely nail their POV chapters, they also recorded the podcast scenes in duet, which makes the listening experience especially immersive. I also wrote a bonus podcast episode just for the audiobook, and my producer had the brilliant idea to include tip-line call-ins, which are incredibly fun to hear. The Macmillan Audio team really knocked it out of the park, and I couldn’t be happier with how it turned out. CARO: How can we expect to feel when we read the last page/listen to the last chapter? TIFFANY: I set out to write a thriller with a soft center. It has twists and tense cliffhanging chapters, but the real heart of the story is the friendship between Benny and Joy. If I’ve done my job, you’ll feel everything from delight to devastation along the way, and close the book feeling satisfied — maybe even with a renewed sense of hope in the goodness of human nature. CARO: Last question! If Joy and Benny were recipes from What to Cook, which would they be? TIFFANY: Easy! Joy and Benny would absolutely choose the 3-ingredient chorizo street tacos. Not only are street tacos their favorite, but the chorizo twist also feels very on brand — a little unexpected and guaranteed to make things more interesting. Plus, a 10-minute meal is always a win! WTC Insiders, we’re so excited to announce a new perk of your subscription: a free audiobook download thanks to Macmillan Audio! Starting today through the end of March, you can download This Story Might Save Your Life through your WTC perks page. We’ll have a new audiobook download for you in May, June, and July, too. Click here for the rundown on how to access this perk and others. As a reminder, a $100 Insiders subscription is valued at nearly $1,000! It includes a paid annual subscription to WTC for yourself, two annual gift subscriptions, shopping perks from Thrive and Duckbill, and six of my meal-prep plans, in addition to this newest perk. Click here to learn more about and/or upgrade to an Insider subscription. * I’ve been wearing these jeans nonstop. Get your smaller size, if between two. * I’m wearing a lot of these turtlenecks with vests these days, which is my best friend Lily’s uniform that I stole from her. I got this vest from Sezane while I was in New York and wore it on The Drew Barrymore Show (with a navy turtle under!). I borrowed an old vest from Lily that is similar to this one from Quince to wear on GMA! And I wore this one of Lily’s with a dark grey turtle under for my keynote at UNC. I also ordered this one when I got home. I told you, lots of turtlenecks and vests! * St. Patrick’s Day is next Tuesday! Low-effort, high-reward holiday moms unite. Last year was my first year as a holiday mom on St. Patrick’s Day — I put about 15 minutes of effort into it and my kids still talk about how St. Patrick’s Day is the most fun day ever. Here’s exactly what I did and what I’m planning to repeat this year: rainbow tic-tacs leading from their bedroom door all the way to the toilet. Toilet dyed green. Leprechaun potty tricks! Then, downstairs, a green tablecloth, rainbow napkins, green plates, crayons with coloring pages from Something To Host, gold chocolate coins scattered all over the table (but this year I got these sour gummy coins instead because my kids don’t actually seem to like chocolate coins), a big rainbow-shaped fruit spread (strawberries, blueberries, kiwi, apples…) with whipped cream clouds at the bottom of the rainbow. And Lucky Charms! * I just bought this Lake pajama set for probably the twentieth time for a friend’s birthday. It’s very important for my overcrowded, overstimulated brain to have a few go-to gifts that I know every woman in my life will love and deeply appreciate so that I’m not constantly racking my brain for new ideas. This set is my fave for a pregnant or newly postpartum mom. Another go-to is sending a cookie cake via Instacart or DoorDash with something funny written on it when they need a little pick me up or a birthday hurrah. * One of my best friends from college, Mary Pell, and her daughter Leighton are coming to visit us next week for her Spring Break. I’m so excited I can hardly stand it!!!! They’re coming for three nights, which Mary Pell once told me is the maximum length a guest should stay. “You know what they say, guests, like fish, begin to smell after three days.” I love Southerners and their limitless expressions. * Local (Monterey County, CA) people, George and I went to Fishwife in Pacific Grove last night and had the greatest night! It’s totally dated but in a great way. Our food was delicious and there were some really inventive sauces. There were also some extremely 90s-feeling elements, like steamed broccoli and squash on every entree, and a truly wild lime green syrup garnishing the key lime pie. It is stuck in time but in a really cozy, still delicious way. We felt like intruders at a locals-only spot. And the service was amazing!! Every week, we dig into the archives to bring a few favorites back to the top of your meal plan. This week’s lineup leans heavily into bowls — the kind of dinners that are flexible, packed with flavor, and easy to adapt based on what’s in your fridge. 1. happy bowls, 2025 Roasted sweet potatoes, beets, cauliflower, and red onion piled over grains and greens with a completely addictive cashew sauce. This one’s basically a choose-your-own-adventure veggie bowl and an excellent meal-prep situation — make the veggies and sauce once and build your bowls all week. 2. thai-ish steak & noodle salad, 2024 A Hillstone-inspired noodle salad that tastes restaurant-level but is totally doable at home. Tender steak, herbs, mango, crunchy cabbage, and noodles tossed in a punchy cashew-lime-sesame dressing (that’s so good you’ll want to drink it!). 3. 30-minute pork and kimchi CYOA bowls, 2023 A fast, flavor-packed pork and kimchi situation with rice, a drizzly tahini-gochujang sauce, and lettuce leaves to wrap it all up in. Set everything out family-style and let everyone build their own bowl, wrap, or chopped salad. 4. sriracha shrimp sushi bowls, 2022 All the flavors of sushi night! Sticky rice, saucy shrimp, cucumbers, avocado, and pickled ginger — all without rolling a single piece of sushi. The sriracha-soy marinade doubles as the sauce, which keeps things simple. From WTCer Erin: “Woooooow this one is so flavorful and good. And so freaking quick to prepare!” This recipe’s in March’s really simple meal plan, in case you’re looking for an easy solution to meal planning for the days ahead! 5. blackened fish taco bowls, 2021 Broiled blackened cod gets piled onto lime-butter rice with citrus salsa and crunchy slaw for bright, taco-inspired bowls. If cooking fish feels intimidating, I will demystify it for you here! Congrats to Megan Z, the winner of last week’s Boopshop.org giveaway! We use affiliate links when sharing product recs, which means we may earn a small commission off of purchases you make through those links. This does not cost you anything extra and is a way to support the production of and team behind What to Cook. Sponsorships are another way we partner with brands that we authentically love and can personally vouch for. This is a public episode. 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[Epistemic Status: Speculative unifying theory of biology.] I don’t know about you, but I greatly resent having to be a biological organism and subject to all the poor engineering and design decisions that entails. This has many manifestations. A recent one is often wondering, why is the entire body such garbage except for the liver? Take the kidneys. Once you reach adulthood, they start to slowly decay. You can damage them through not-obviously-dangerous stuff like taking too much vitamin D or taking ibuprofen while dehydrated. Significant damage typically leads to scarring and a permanent reduction in function. Or take the gums. If you brush too hard or don’t floss enough, they may retreat down your teeth, never to return. Most of the body is like that. But the liver. My friends, the liver! If it’s injured, it will usually heal without scars. As you age, it typically maintains near full strength. You can give half of your liver to someone else and it will regrow to full size and function in a few months. I’d like to find whoever designed the liver and have them make me a full body. Except here’s a theory: It’s good that most of the body is fragile crap. It would be better if some parts of the body were more fragile. Some other ways the body would appear to be poorly designed Menopause. We’re still struggling to reconcile modernity with the short human reproductive interval. But did you know that menopause is almost unknown outside of humans? Even the other great apes remain fertile for almost their entire lives. The only known exceptions are (1) killer whales, (2) pilot whales, (3) beluga whales, (4) false killer whales, (5) narwhals, and (6) one specific population of chimpanzees in Uganda. Inuries. If your leg gets chopped off, that’s it, no more leg. Your body will try to grow scar tissue over the wound and then you’re on your own. But if you chop off the leg of a salamander it… grows a new leg. Isn’t that the obvious to do? Why don’t we do that? Telomeres. The ends of your chromosomes have a little repetitive sequence called a telomere. When cells divide, the body tries to copy the DNA, but good-old DNA polymerase can’t quite copy all the way to the end, meaning the telomeres slowly get shorter. After dividing 50-70 times, the telomeres are gone, and the cells stop dividing and then slowly stop working. This is one of the many ticking clocks of aging. Transplants. If you need a new kidney, and someone is nice enough to give you one of theirs, your body will respond by trying to kill it, meaning you have to take horrible immunosuppressants for the rest of your life. And even after taking them, there’s a 30% chance the kidney will be rejected within 10 years. This is not helpful. Diabetes. Some day, your immune system may decide to attack your pancreas. After a while, your pancreas will stop making insulin, meaning that unless you reorient your entire life around keeping your blood sugar in check, your eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart will constantly accumulate damage. Your immune system should not attack your pancreas. Brains. After you reach adulthood, neurons don’t divide. If some of your neurons die—which happens every day—then they’re gone. If you get a brain injury, the other neurons will try to “learn around” the injury, but the neurons themselves are never replaced. Junk. All cells build up various “junk” over time. As they divide, the junk is diluted. But some cells (neurons, various cells in the eyes) never divide, so the amount of junk (e.g. lipofuscin) just goes up and up. This is another ticking clock. Blood. Your flesh needs blood, which your body delivers through blood vessels. Over time, these can get clogged with plaque. The thing to do in this situation is to sprout new blood vessels. Your body knows how to do that. But by default it maintains high levels of various inhibitors (angiostatin, endostatin, THBS1) that tell your cells not to do so. If your heart or brain get starved of blood, your body will try to reverse all this inhibition, but the process is slow and clumsy and can only produce tiny blood vessels. What’s going on here? As always in biology, the correct answer is: A lot, it’s complicated. But I think there’s a common thread. The clearest case is probably telomeres wearing down as you get older. At first glance, you might ask, why does this problem exist at all? Bacteria—because they aren’t idiots—have circular DNA, which doesn’t have ends or telomeres. Eukaryotes like us evolved from bacteria. Who decided to replace circular DNA with linear DNA? Or, you might ask, why doesn’t the body re-lengthen the telomeres? Well, actually it does! We have an enzyme designed specifically for that purpose, called telomerase. But, after embryonic development, the body doesn’t bother to use it, except in stem cells, reproductive cells, and certain parts of the immune system. Huh? The reason we have linear DNA instead of circular DNA is contested.1 But whatever. If the body wanted to re-lengthen the telomeres, it could easily do that. Your cells already have DNA to make telomerase. They just don’t use it. Instead, they let the telomeres get shorter until they stop dividing and stop working. Why? Because… … Cancer. (That’s our answer to the question in the title of this post: The human body is so crap except for the liver because cancer. As we’ll see, this answer is only semi-correct, and even then only with several caveats. But what do you expect from biology?) Letting the telomeres get shorter is not a mistake. It is a deliberate design decision.2 Often, in your body, the following happens: Some cells get a mutation that causes them to start reproducing too fast. Your immune system decides they’re suspicious and kills them. You’re fine. 👍 But sometimes this happens: Some cells get a mutation that causes them to start reproducing too fast. They grow for a while, but then (for complicated reasons3) they stop increasing in number. But they aren’t just sitting there, they’re constantly reproducing and dying, much faster than normal cells. Eventually, they develop another mutation that allows them to overcome whatever was stopping them from growing. This continues for a while, with the cells gradually acquiring more of the mutations they need to grow to a large size. But wait! With all this reproduction, at some point the mutated cells ran out of telomeres and stopped being able to reproduce. Ha! Screw you, mutated cells! 👍 To be clear, this also sometimes happen: (Steps 1-6 above) With all this reproduction, at some point the mutated cells figured out how to turn telomerase back on. This re-lengthens their telomeres, so they can reproduce indefinitely. They either stop growing for other reasons (👍) or you use our modern technological civilization to kill/remove them (👍) or they grow so slowly that something else kills you first (🤌) or there is a less desirable outcome (👎). (If you’re a biologist who is outraged at the above description, I’ve written a footnote which I beg you read before yelling at me.4) Having telomeres that wear down is good, because it slows down cancer. It’s also bad, because it means our bodies slowly stop working. Evolution decided the good outweighed the bad, and I expect that evolution was right. Several of the other ways in which the human body is “crap” can be explained in the same way. Why can’t you re-grow your leg if it gets chopped off? Well, that would require that all your cells have a “begin rapid growth mode” button on them, with some external trigger. In a sense, it would require your body to leave your cells sitting around in a state that’s closer to being cancer. Not doing that is good, because it slows down cancer, and bad, because you can’t grow a new leg. Evolution apparently doesn’t like that tradeoff, and again I assume evolution is right.5 Fragile kidneys are much the same. We could have kidneys that try harder to repair themselves. That’s probably biologically possible. But it would likely mean more kidney cancer. Arguably, the question isn’t, “Why are the kidneys such fragile crap?” but rather, “Why is the liver so weirdly regenerative?” OK, so why is the liver so weirdly regenerative? That question has two standard answers. Answer #1 is that the liver has a hard job. It sits directly downstream of the gut. If you eat toxins or bacterial products or viruses or parasites, the liver sees them at high concentrations before the rest of the body. Not only that, it’s the liver’s job to detoxify stuff, and detoxification chemistry is often self-damaging: The liver breaks toxic stuff down into even-more toxic stuff, and then deals with that stuff recursively. The liver is constantly getting damaged, as part of its job description, so it must be able to regenerate. Evolution designed it to do that, and it just pays the cancer tax. Answer #2 is that the liver isn’t unusual. Your skin can survive wounds. And your intestines can survive exposure to digestive enzymes, bile, and bacteria. The surface layers of both of these are constantly turning over. And, lo and behold, skin cancer and colorectal cancer are both very common. At the other end of the spectrum, neurons and cardiac muscle cells don’t reproduce after childhood. If they die, they’re gone.6 As a result, “heart cancer” is almost unheard of. (The very term “heart cancer” almost sounds ungrammatical.) Brain cancer is a thing, but it’s essentially always in other types of brain cells, not neurons. So maybe we can think of different parts of the body as making different tradeoffs between regeneration and cancer risk:7 Organ Regeneration Cancer risk Colon / rectum Extremely high High Bone marrow Extremely high High Skin High High Liver High High-ish Bladder High High-ish Thyroid Medium Medium? Kidneys Low Low-ish Cardiac muscle Near zero Very low Neurons Near zero Near zero At first glance, we seem to have a cute little story: Evolution pays the cancer tax for organs that need to interface with the environment, because it’s a harsh world out there. And it pays the fragility tax for organs that can be tucked away so that regeneration isn’t as necessary. Wouldn’t that be nice? Let’s formalize that as a theory. Theory: More regeneration implies more cancer risk. Evolution tunes organs that encounter the environment for more regeneration and more cancer. It turnes organs that don’t for the opposite. Of course, it’s not that simple. Complexities One problem with the above theory is that it isn’t clear that regeneration is always an option. The skin and guts are pretty homogeneous (at least in each layer). The liver can be approximated as a big blob of repeated functional units. If you give half your liver away, those functional units get larger, which is how your liver grows back to near full size and function. But other organs are highly “structured”. Your neurons are a complex circuit encoding all your memories and learned behaviors. If neurons were reproducing, that circuit might be unstable. Your heart is also highly structured. And even if your heart could re-grow, if you lost half of it, you wouldn’t survive long enough to do so. (Do not attempt to donate half your heart.) In principle, it’s surely physically possible to design a heart where you can remove half and it will still pump enough blood to keep you alive while it re-grows. But evolution either didn’t figure that out, or didn’t think it was worth the trouble. Either way, with the current heart design, high regeneration doesn’t look like an option. So it’s not as simple as evolution choosing to pay the cancer tax for some organs and choosing to pay the fragility tax for others. Some organs need to maintain a stable complex structure to keep working, meaning there may not be much of a cancer/fragility knob to turn. Revised theory: More regeneration implies more cancer risk. Evolution tunes organs that encounter the environment for more regeneration and more cancer. It turnes organs that don’t for the opposite. But for highly structured organs, regeneration might not be an option. Fine. But there are several organs I didn’t include in the above table. For example, look at this: Organ Regeneration Cancer risk Lungs Low-ish High The lungs are the worst of all possible worlds, with low regeneration and high cancer. As far as I can tell, this is a consequence of the physical fact that gas diffusion is slow. To work around that, your lungs have a delicate fractal geometry that crams ~100 square meters of surface area into a ~5 liter volume. That’s impressive, but it makes regeneration hard. At the same time, the lungs need to interface with all sorts of random toxins and pathogens in the air, meaning lots of ways for mutations to happen. Revised theory v2: More regeneration implies more cancer risk. Evolution tunes organs that encounter the environment for more regeneration and more cancer. It turnes organs that don’t for the opposite. But for highly structured organs, regeneration might not be an option. And if highly structured organs encounter the environment, cancer risk is still high. And now, ladies and gentlemen, the stupid pancreas: Organ Regeneration Cancer risk Pancreas Low-ish Moderate Superficially, this looks less exceptional than the lungs, with low-ish regeneration and merely moderate cancer risk. But the pancreas is more problematic for our theory, because that moderate cancer risk exists despite not being exposed to the outside world. Biologically, the reasons that the pancreas sometimes develops cancer seem understood, although complex. But as far as I can tell, there is no convincing explanation for why the pancreas is designed that way. Is it an evolutionary fluke? Is there some other subtle tradeoff? It’s unclear. So there’s no satisfying big-picture evolutionary trade-off to point to. Revised theory v3: More regeneration implies more cancer risk. Evolution tunes organs that encounter the environment for more regeneration and more cancer. It tunes organs that don’t for the opposite. But for highly structured organs, regeneration might not be an option. And if highly structured organs encounter the environment, cancer risk is still high. And the pancreas is weird. But we still need to face the final boss, the strangest organ of all. The small intestine Organ Regeneration Cancer risk Small intestine Extremely high Very low Bad news for our theory, good news for you as a biological organism. The small intestine does interface with the environment, and it replaces all its surface-level cells every few days. Yet it very rarely develops cancer. That’s despite the fact that it’s quite similar to the cancer-crazed colon. It’s also despite the fact that the “small” intestine makes up ~90% of the digestive tract’s surface area. What the hell? Biologically, the main explanation seems to be that the small intestine uses an ingenious defense strategy. My new favorite part of the body: While the surface cells of the small intestine are continuously being replaced, they aren’t themselves reproducing. Instead, carefully protected stem cells tucked into the valleys between the intestinal villi slowly produce “transit-amplifying cells”. Those transit-amplifying cells divide 4-6 times as they migrate to the surface, each eventually yielding 16-64 mature epithelial cells. Those spend a few days doing epithelial stuff, meanwhile sliding along with their siblings from the bottom to the top of whichever villus they happen to be on. When they reach the tip, they’re ejected into the digestive stream to die, merry Christmas. So, even if a mutation arises somewhere, it doesn’t really matter, because the cells are all on a conveyor belt towards death anyway. Clever, no? Turns out, the real hero isn’t the liver. It’s the small intestine. (The small intestine also uses a few other tricks: The surface cells are programmed to commit suicide if damaged even a little bit. The immune system is tuned to kill anything that looks even slightly funny. And it hosts huge amounts of detoxifying enzymes. But villi seem to be the really unique bit.) This is a huge challenge for our theory. Not only does the small intestine have low cancer and high regeneration, it has low cancer because of high regeneration. If the small intestine can do that, then why not the rest of the body? One answer is that it takes a ton of energy. Your guts shed ~40 billion epithelial cells every day, amounting to ~⅓ kg of tissue every week. Like the brain, your guts consume ~20% of total energy, despite making up only ~2% of body mass. Evolution doesn’t want to do that everywhere, because evolution doesn’t want you to starve to death. So, there isn’t just a trade-off between regeneration and cancer. There’s a three-way tradeoff between regeneration, cancer, and energy usage. But even if energy weren’t an issue, other organs couldn’t easily copy the small intestine’s strategy. For example, the colon is similar in many ways to the small intestine, but the colon doesn’t have villi. It needs to be flat, because the colon’s job is to extract water. If there were villi dangling everywhere, they’d be ripped off by the solid waste. The colon also hosts far more bacteria that produce toxic byproducts, meaning the colon’s cells need to be tuned to try to resist damage, instead of committing suicide. This also means that the immune system needs to be more relaxed about killing foreign entities. So even though the colon also replaces the epithelial cells (a bit more slowly) cancer is still common. (Or, imagine your skin was covered in tiny fragile villi. You’d look awesome, but they’d be constantly getting ripped off. If you wanted that to work, you’d need to make the villi stronger and more disposable, and… we just invented fur.) Revised theory v4 final (actually final) updated (2): More regeneration implies more cancer risk. Evolution tunes organs that encounter the environment for more regeneration and more cancer. It tunes organs that don’t for the opposite. But for highly structured organs, regeneration might not be an option. And if highly structured organs encounter the environment, cancer risk is still high. And the pancreas is weird. And actually, it’s not just a trade-off between regeneration and cancer, it’s a three-way trade-off between regeneration and cancer and energy usage, and various parts of that space may or may not be available depending on the job an organ has to do. So, a cancer vs. fragility tradeoff definitely doesn’t explain everything. But it does explain some things, somewhat, sort of. In biology, that’s pretty good. Is this bad? We’ve discussed various ways in which the body might appear to be crap. Let’s revisit those, and ask if the right tradeoff is being made for the modern world. Injuries. Your skin is calibrated for constant wounds, which most of us today don’t get. This leaves lots of repair pathways sitting around to be hijacked by skin cancer. Similarly, your bone marrow is calibrated to be able to recover from catastrophic blood loss. Today we don’t experience as much catastrophic blood loss, and we have blood transfusions, but all that generative capacity is still there to be used by leukemia and lymphoma. And whatever benefit there might have been to re-growing a limb is probably lower today, when we less often lose limbs. Best guess: It would be better if the body tried less hard to recover from injuries. Brains. Do modern people suffer fewer brain injuries than our evolutionary ancestors? It’s hard to say for sure, because brains are soft tissue. But the fossil record for upper paleolithic humans suggests between 2% and 34% suffered skull fractures, more than modern people. So you might think it would be better if the brain was tuned more towards fragility rather than cancer. But brain injuries are still common today. Around ⅓ of people experience a concussion sometime in their lifetime, because we love to drive cars at high speed, play dangerous sports, and survive to old age where stairs and bathrooms pose a risk. Also, for whatever reason, the brain is already tuned quite strongly towards fragility. Best guess: Maybe the current tradeoff is about right? Telomeres. Should the body re-lengthen the telomeres? On the one hand, we’re more likely to survive to ages where this is actually an issue. On the other hand, we’re also more likely to survive to ages where cancer is a danger, which is precisely where telomeres not getting re-lengthened is an issue. Best guess: Maybe the current tradeoff is about right? Livers. It seems that the liver is so regenerative because it needed to be. Ancestral humans were constantly dealing with parasites and bacteria and rotting food. When I started writing this essay, I figured this meant the liver was “over-specced” for the modern world. Today we have refrigerators and food inspectors and pasteurization. Our lives are much less harsh and involve fewer toxins than our ancestors. So, if calibrated for the modern environment, I figured that it would be better if the liver was a bit more fragile, but also marginally less prone to cancer.8 But… it’s not clear that this is actually true. Liver failure remains extremely common today. While we don’t ingest nearly as many toxins, we eat diets that lead to metabolic dysfunction, and we consume tons of alcohol, and many of us live in dense conditions where hepatitis can easily spread. We’re also more likely to live to an age where liver failure is an issue. Best guess: Unclear. We should stop doing stuff that causes liver failure. Menopause. Why do humans have menopause, unlike almost all other mammals? The most common theory is the grandmother hypothesis. The general idea is that reproducing becomes more and more risky as you get older. For most animals, evolution doesn’t care, because evolution’s goal isn’t to make you happy, it’s to maximize reproductive fitness. So, screw it, try to reproduce and let the dice fall where they may. But even after reproducing, humans can help the survival of their genes by providing resources for their offspring. So, for humans, evolution decided to turn reproduction off, so you can spend more time with your grandkids. In particular, with cancer, some theorize that continued cycles of estrogen cause damage to the ovaries, womb, and breasts. Menopause shuts this down,which may decrease the odds of ovarian / uterine / breast cancer. It’s a cute theory. But again: Menopause: Humans, killer whales, pilot whales, beluga whales, false killer whales, narwhals one group of chimps in Uganda. No menopause: Everything else, including elephants, other whales, lions, horses, zebras, dogs, rats, wolves, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish. Some of this makes sense. Unlike toothed whales, Blue/Humpback whales are mostly solitary or live in loose groups. Mice don’t babysit for their grandkids. But what about elephants? Or hyenas? Or bonobos? Or orangutans? Or lions? Or sperm whales? All of these have social organizations where females contribute to the survival of their offspring, and yet they don’t have menopause. Anyway, is menopause the right tradeoff for the modern age? It’s hard to say. On the one hand, modern people live much longer, meaning the marginal cost of cancer is higher. On the other hand, people want to reproduce more at older ages, meaning menopause has a higher cost. (Both “to evolution” and “to us”.) Also, an ancestral woman began menstrating in her late teens, and then likely underwent many pregnancies, each followed by years-long periods of breastfeeding (which suppresses menstruation). An average modern woman experiences 3-5 times as many menstrual cycles. It’s very confusing. Best guess: No idea. Cell junk / diabetes / transplants. As far as I can tell, these are mostly unrelated. TLDR Cancer is bad because cancer is bad. Cancer is also bad because evolution made gruesome realpolitik compromises in the design of every part of the body to try to hold cancer in check. If we lived in a universe where cancer was impossible, we wouldn’t just not get cancer, our bodies would also be enormously more regenerative and longer lasting. In a sense, even if you don’t get cancer, cancer still hurts you, because your body was forced to take costly preventative actions. (Even if the barbarians never get over your city wall, you still had to build the wall.) Even if we someday completely defeat cancer, its legacy will live on in our genes until the point that we re-design ourselves. Screw cancer. Some people think linear DNA is easier to copy. Others think that linear DNA just happened by accident, but when it happened it was survivable because we happened to have retrotransposons, i.e. bits of DNA that build little machines to create new copies of their DNA and insert it into the genome. After the break in the circular chromosome, those machines started putting copies of their DNA on the end, because that’s what they do, and this made the break survivable. Those retrotransposons later became telomerase. ↩ This is teleological; let’s not let it come between us. ↩ This could happen because your immune system contains them. Or because oxygen and nutrients can’t diffuse inside the clump of mutated cells. Or because they run into a barrier of different cell types that they can’t outcompete. Or for other reasons. ↩ Hello biologists! You might be thinking, “Well actually, 90% of cancers turn telomerase back on; clearly telomeres don’t help that much; Dynomight why are you so bad?” That is approximately what the Dynomight Biologist thought, when pressed into service to review this post. True, having telomeres that wear down is not a magic bullet that makes cancer impossible. And yes, most cancers figure out how to turn telomerase on. But that is a linguistic fact. Your body has lots of mutated cells all over the place, most of which will never hurt you. Conceivably, we could have defined all mutated cells as “cancer”, with subcategories of “low risk to health” and “significant risk to health”. Then, telomeres would seem great, because it’s hard for cells to move from “low risk” to “high risk” without figuring out how to turn telomerase on. That’s hard to do through blind random mutation, which is one reason most of your mutated cells are in the “low risk” category. Cells do sometimes succeed in turning telomerase on, but it’s still a useful layer in body’s layered cancer defense strategy. We didn’t happen to define our words that way. Instead, we defined “cancer” to mean approximately “mutated cells that pose a significant risk to health” and we’ve invented other categories for other mutated cells (benign neoplasm, clonal expansion, hyperplasia, etc.) The “cancer” category excludes most cells that don’t turn telomerase on because telomere shortening is a good (albeit leaky) barrier between mutated cells and risks to your health. Just because Vikings sometimes get past your city wall doesn’t mean that a city wall is not worth having. Thank you for visiting my footnote. ↩ The precise reasons that salamanders can regrow limbs but most species can’t is somewhat unclear. You could speculate that salamanders tend to lose limbs more frequently, so it’s more worth it for them to pay the “cancer tax”. Or you could speculate that cancer isn’t as much of an issue due to their short lifetime. But do they actually have an unusually high frequency of needing to regrow limbs? And are they paying some kind of cancer tax? What would we even look at to determine that? Cancer rates vary in different animals for all kinds of reasons. ↩ Dead cardiac muscle is replaced with scar tissue. Dead neurons are replaced with a “brain scar” made of glial cells. ↩ Thyroid cancer risk is hard to rate, because it’s common but has a very low fatality rate. ↩ You wouldn’t want to make the liver unable to regenerate, but there are several “knobs” that might be tuned. Broadly speaking, the liver could be designed to regenerate more slowly, with more careful “proofreading” and slower/stricter cell-cycle checkpointing. Then liver injuries would take longer to heal, but would result in fewer mutated cells. ↩
It might seem a bit out of character for a powerful general—a fierce warrior—to go everywhere with a book tucked under their arm. But in ancient Rome, that was the figure that the great Scipio Aemilianus cut. He was known for training in philosophy as arduously as he trained at arms. Flash forward to General […] The post No One Is Excused From This appeared first on Daily Stoic.
Thoughts on surrendering to the here and now and doing the best with the information we have in any given moment