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I've been running Linux, Neovim, and Framework for a year now, but it easily feels like a decade or more. That's the funny thing about habits: They can be so hard to break, but once you do, they're also easily forgotten. That's how it feels having left the Apple realm after two decades inside the walled garden. It was hard for the first couple of weeks, but since then, it’s rarely crossed my mind. Humans are rigid in the short term, but flexible in the long term. Blessed are the few who can retain the grit to push through that early mental resistance and reach new maxima. That is something that gets harder with age. I can feel it. It takes more of me now to wipe a mental slate clean and start over. To go back to being a beginner. But the reward for learning something new is as satisfying as ever. But it's also why I've tried to be modest with the advocacy. I don't know if most developers are better off on Linux. I mean, I believe they are, at some utopian level, especially if they...
3 months ago

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More from David Heinemeier Hansson

Get in losers, we're moving to Linux!

I've never seen so many developers curious about leaving the Mac and giving Linux a go. Something has really changed in the last few years. Maybe Linux just got better? Maybe powerful mini PCs made it easier? Maybe Apple just fumbled their relationship with developers one too many times? Maybe it's all of it. But whatever the reason, the vibe shift is noticeable. This is why the future is so hard to predict! People have been joking about "The Year of Linux on the Desktop" since the late 90s. Just like self-driving cars were supposed to be a thing back in 2017. And now, in the year of our Lord 2025, it seems like we're getting both! I also wouldn't underestimate the cultural influence of a few key people. PewDiePie sharing his journey into Arch and Hyprland with his 110 million followers is important. ThePrimeagen moving to Arch and Hyprland is important. Typecraft teaching beginners how to build an Arch and Hyprland setup from scratch is important (and who I just spoke to about Omarchy). Gabe Newell's Steam Deck being built on Arch and pushing Proton to over 20,000 compatible Linux games is important. You'll notice a trend here, which is that Arch Linux, a notoriously "difficult" distribution, is at the center of much of this new engagement. Despite the fact that it's been around since 2003! There's nothing new about Arch, but there's something new about the circles of people it's engaging. I've put Arch at the center of Omarchy too. Originally just because that was what Hyprland recommended. Then, after living with the wonders of 90,000+ packages on the community-driven AUR package repository, for its own sake. It's really good! But while Arch (and Hyprland) are having a moment amongst a new crowd, it's also "just" Linux at its core. And Linux really is the star of the show. The perfect, free, and open alternative that was just sitting around waiting for developers to finally have had enough of the commercial offerings from Apple and Microsoft. Now obviously there's a taste of "new vegan sees vegans everywhere" here. You start talking about Linux, and you'll hear from folks already in the community or those considering the move too. It's easy to confuse what you'd like to be true with what is actually true. And it's definitely true that Linux is still a niche operating system on the desktop. Even among developers. Apple and Microsoft sit on the lion's share of the market share. But the mind share? They've been losing that fast. The window is open for a major shift to happen. First gradually, then suddenly. It feels like morning in Linux land!

9 hours ago 2 votes
The parental dead end of consent morality

Consent morality is the idea that there are no higher values or virtues than allowing consenting adults to do whatever they please. As long as they're not hurting anyone, it's all good, and whoever might have a problem with that is by definition a bigot.  This was the overriding morality I picked up as a child of the 90s. From TV, movies, music, and popular culture. Fly your freak! Whatever feels right is right! It doesn't seem like much has changed since then. What a moral dead end. I first heard the term consent morality as part of Louise Perry's critique of the sexual revolution. That in the context of hook-up culture, situationships, and falling birthrates, we have to wrestle with the fact that the sexual revolution — and it's insistence that, say, a sky-high body count mustn't be taboo — has led society to screwy dating market in the internet age that few people are actually happy with. But the application of consent morality that I actually find even more troubling is towards parenthood. As is widely acknowledged now, we're in a bit of a birthrate crisis all over the world. And I think consent morality can help explain part of it. I was reminded of this when I posted a cute video of a young girl so over-the-moon excited for her dad getting off work to argue that you'd be crazy to trade that for some nebulous concept of "personal freedom". Predictably, consent morality immediately appeared in the comments: Some people just don't want children and that's TOTALLY OKAY and you're actually bad for suggesting they should! No. It's the role of a well-functioning culture to guide people towards The Good Life. Not force, but guide. Nobody wants to be convinced by the morality police at the pointy end of a bayonet, but giving up on the whole idea of objective higher values and virtues is a nihilistic and cowardly alternative. Humans are deeply mimetic creatures. It's imperative that we celebrate what's good, true, and beautiful, such that these ideals become collective markers for morality. Such that they guide behavior. I don't think we've done a good job at doing that with parenthood in the last thirty-plus years. In fact, I'd argue we've done just about everything to undermine the cultural appeal of the simple yet divine satisfaction of child rearing (and by extension maligned the square family unit with mom, dad, and a few kids). Partly out of a coordinated campaign against the family unit as some sort of trad (possibly fascist!) identity marker in a long-waged culture war, but perhaps just as much out of the banal denigration of how boring and limiting it must be to carry such simple burdens as being a father or a mother in modern society. It's no wonder that if you incessantly focus on how expensive it is, how little sleep you get, how terrifying the responsibility is, and how much stress is involved with parenthood that it doesn't seem all that appealing! This is where Jordan Peterson does his best work. In advocating for the deeper meaning of embracing burden and responsibility. In diagnosing that much of our modern malaise does not come from carrying too much, but from carrying too little. That a myopic focus on personal freedom — the nights out, the "me time", the money saved — is a spiritual mirage: You think you want the paradise of nothing ever being asked of you, but it turns out to be the hell of nobody ever needing you. Whatever the cause, I think part of the cure is for our culture to reembrace the virtue and the value of parenthood without reservation. To stop centering the margins and their pathologies. To start centering the overwhelming middle where most people make for good parents, and will come to see that role as the most meaningful part they've played in their time on this planet. But this requires giving up on consent morality as the only way to find our path to The Good Life. It involves taking a moral stance that some ways of living are better than other ways of living for the broad many. That parenthood is good, that we need more children both for the literal survival of civilization, but also for the collective motivation to guard against the bad, the false, and the ugly. There's more to life than what you feel like doing in the moment. The worst thing in the world is not to have others ask more of you. Giving up on the total freedom of the unmoored life is a small price to pay for finding the deeper meaning in a tethered relationship with continuing a bloodline that's been drawn for hundreds of thousands of years before it came to you. You're never going to be "ready" before you take the leap. If you keep waiting, you'll wait until the window has closed, and all you see is regret. Summon a bit of bravery, don't overthink it, and do your part for the future of the world. It's 2.1 or bust, baby!

5 days ago 5 votes
Self-driving is finally happening

I still remember how the car industry got all excited back in 2017 about how steering wheels would soon be obsolete. Every concept car then was a living room on wheels, seats facing inwards. The self-driving revolution was imminent, they said. Well, it wasn't... but now it actually is! Humans have a hard time with scenarios like this. If you promise them the moon in eight months, but don't end up delivering until eight years later, most will justifiably be skeptical that it's actually here — even in the face of gushing anecdotes and video evidence. That's the problem with delayed promises. So when Jason told me Tesla's self-driving tech was finally ready and real, I was indeed skeptical. I tried FSD as late as last year, and I didn't enjoy it much. Impressive in many ways, but too jerky. Too many interventions. How much could it really have improved in nine months or so? A lot, it turns out. We started the drive from Jason's house, and I watched him not once touch the pedals or steering wheel while we drove half an hour to the other end of town. Then repeated the feat on the way back. But that wasn't even the most impressive part. What really blew my mind was how dramatically better the fluidity of driving with FSD has become. His new Model Y anticipated the red light with the manners of a drives-for-the-queen-level chauffeur. And the way it knew exactly how to slow down to prevent a jerky movement when taking an incline into an elevated parking lot? Sublime. Elon, that son of a bitch, seems to have done it again! Proven everyone wrong. Proven me wrong. The self-driving dream has flipped from vaporware to credible near-term reality. All without LiDAR. AI really delivering on this one.

a week ago 9 votes
Omarchy is out

My latest love letter to Linux has been published. It's called Omarchy, and it's an opinionated setup of the Arch Linux distribution and the Hyprland tiling window manager. With everything configured out-of-the-box to give you exactly the same setup that I now run every day. My Platonic ideal of what a developer environment should look like. It's not for everyone, though. Arch has a reputation for being difficult, but while I think that's vastly overstated, I still think it's fair to say that Ubuntu is an easier landing for someone new to Linux. And that's why this exists as a sister project to Omakub — my opinionated setup for Ubuntu — and not a replacement of it. Because I do think that Hyprland deserves its reputation of being difficult! Not because the core tiling window manager is hard, but because it comes incredibly bare-boned in the box. You have to figure out everything yourself. Even how to get a lock screen or idle timing or a menu bar or bluetooth setting or... you get the idea. Omarchy is an attempt to solve for all that. To give you a default set of great, beautiful configurations for Hyprland, and installing all the common tooling you'd normally want. You could setup this, not change a thing, and you'll have exactly what I run every day. But you can also just use this as a paved path into the glorious world of Linux ricing. The flip side of Hyprland being so atomized is that it's infinitely configurable. You can really, really make it yours. No wonder its the preferred platform for r/unixporn, and even what PewDiePie picked up for his amazing Russian nuclear core build. I don't know when we'll literally get "The Year of Linux on the Desktop", but I've never been as convinced that its coming as I am now. There's enough dissent in the water. Enough dissatisfaction with both Apple and Microsoft.  And between Valve going all-in on Steam on Linux (the Steamdeck runs Arch!), major creators (like PewDiePie) switching to Linux, and incredible projects like Hyprland — which offer not just a cheap visual copy of the two major commercial operating systems, but something much more unique and compelling — I think all the factors are in place for a big switch. At least among developers. But broad adoption or not, I'm in love with Linux, and thrilled to share my work to make it easier to enjoy.

a week ago 15 votes
Gender and Sexuality Alliances in primary school at CIS?!

The Copenhagen International School is a wonderful private school located in the North Harbor of the city. It's home to over 900 students from around the world. This is where ambassadors, international executives, and other expats send their kids to get a great education in English while stationed in Denmark. As a result, it's perhaps the most diverse, inclusive school in all of Copenhagen. Lovely. What's less lovely is the fact that CIS seems to have caught some of the same gender-ideology obsession that has ravaged many schools in America. We thought Copenhagen would offer a respite from the woke nonsense that's been plaguing California — where some schools in our social circle ended up with a quarter or more of the student body identifying as trans or gender nonconformative — but it seems ideological contagions travel as fast as airplanes these days. It started last week, when the primary school, which includes kindergarten, declared its intention to spend every morning meeting for the entire week focused on gender dysphoria, transgenderism, they/them pronoun protocols, and coloring pride flags. That just sounded a bit odd and a bit much at first, but after reviewing the associated material, it actually looked downright devious. Just look at this example: Draw yourself in the mirror, then adorn it with trans colors? And the guiding example is a boy who sees himself as a girl? As you can imagine, many parents at the school were mortified by the idea of their children participating in this kind of overt indoctrination activities, and some of them let the school know. That's when the revisions started rolling out.  First, the program was revised to no longer apply to kindergarten and first grade, just second through fifth. Then the "draw yourself in the mirror and use trans colors to decorate it" activity was pulled from the program. Then the schedule was reduced from all week to just a single session this Monday while the rest of the material is being "reconsidered". And that's where it stands today. But that's not all. After talking to a number of other parents, I learned that CIS has other highly objectionable programs in this sphere. Like "Gender and Sexuality Alliances" where primary school students in G3-5, meaning kids as young as eight, are invited to join in lunch and recess meetings to talk more about gender, sexuality, and how to become a good ally to the 2SLGBTQIA+ community. According to one parent I spoke to (who's considering pulling their kids out over this), CIS hasn't wanted to disclose all specifics about the staff conducting these lunch and recess meetings with the children. Because while it's billed as "student led" on their website, the sessions are actually facilitated by CIS staff on campus.  I've asked the same question of the school administration, including what qualifications these individuals might have, and have not received an answer either. But ultimately, it shouldn't even matter, because this shouldn't even be happening! There's simply no responsible explanation for having kids as young as eight, or even as old as 11, in lunch and recess meetings with CIS staff to discuss gender and sexuality on school campus. It's preposterous, if not outright creepy. The school's mission is no cover either. The commitment to an inclusive school does not offer a license to indulge in this kind of overt indoctrination or inappropriate lunch meetings where minors discuss gender and sexuality with school staff. And it has to stop. CIS, like any other school, should not be a subsidiary of any specific interest organization. We don't want our kids to get their information about climate change from either Extinction Rebellion or fossil-fuel lobbyists. We expect our school to stay politically neutral on the international conflicts, like the one in Gaza. In higher grades where these topics are appropriate, they should be discussed in a context that also includes things like the Cass Review and the recent UK Supreme Court ruling. It's the same reason Copenhagen Pride Week saw a massive loss of sponsorship after trying to cajole major companies into a position on Gaza last year. Novo, Maersk, Google, and many others rejected this organization (and they're not returning this year either) for their partisan politics. It's bizarre that those same companies now have the children of their employees programmed by this organization's agenda at school.  CIS needs to return to its high-level mission of focusing on giving kids an excellent education, teaching them objectively about the world, and upholding general standards for kindness and caring. Not coloring partisan flags during school programs, not facilitating inappropriate meeting forums about gender and sexuality between staff and children.

a month ago 13 votes

More in programming

Another tip (tip)
15 hours ago 3 votes
Get in losers, we're moving to Linux!

I've never seen so many developers curious about leaving the Mac and giving Linux a go. Something has really changed in the last few years. Maybe Linux just got better? Maybe powerful mini PCs made it easier? Maybe Apple just fumbled their relationship with developers one too many times? Maybe it's all of it. But whatever the reason, the vibe shift is noticeable. This is why the future is so hard to predict! People have been joking about "The Year of Linux on the Desktop" since the late 90s. Just like self-driving cars were supposed to be a thing back in 2017. And now, in the year of our Lord 2025, it seems like we're getting both! I also wouldn't underestimate the cultural influence of a few key people. PewDiePie sharing his journey into Arch and Hyprland with his 110 million followers is important. ThePrimeagen moving to Arch and Hyprland is important. Typecraft teaching beginners how to build an Arch and Hyprland setup from scratch is important (and who I just spoke to about Omarchy). Gabe Newell's Steam Deck being built on Arch and pushing Proton to over 20,000 compatible Linux games is important. You'll notice a trend here, which is that Arch Linux, a notoriously "difficult" distribution, is at the center of much of this new engagement. Despite the fact that it's been around since 2003! There's nothing new about Arch, but there's something new about the circles of people it's engaging. I've put Arch at the center of Omarchy too. Originally just because that was what Hyprland recommended. Then, after living with the wonders of 90,000+ packages on the community-driven AUR package repository, for its own sake. It's really good! But while Arch (and Hyprland) are having a moment amongst a new crowd, it's also "just" Linux at its core. And Linux really is the star of the show. The perfect, free, and open alternative that was just sitting around waiting for developers to finally have had enough of the commercial offerings from Apple and Microsoft. Now obviously there's a taste of "new vegan sees vegans everywhere" here. You start talking about Linux, and you'll hear from folks already in the community or those considering the move too. It's easy to confuse what you'd like to be true with what is actually true. And it's definitely true that Linux is still a niche operating system on the desktop. Even among developers. Apple and Microsoft sit on the lion's share of the market share. But the mind share? They've been losing that fast. The window is open for a major shift to happen. First gradually, then suddenly. It feels like morning in Linux land!

9 hours ago 2 votes
All about Svelte 5 snippets

Snippets are a useful addition to Svelte 5. I use them in my Svelte 5 projects like Edna. Snippet basics A snippet is a function that renders html based on its arguments. Here’s how to define and use a snippet: {#snippet hello(name)} <div>Hello {name}!</div> {/snippet} {@render hello("Andrew")} {@render hello("Amy")} You can re-use snippets by exporting them: <script module> export { hello }; </script> {@snippet hello(name)}<div>Hello {name}!</div>{/snippet} Snippets use cases Snippets for less nesting Deeply nested html is hard to read. You can use snippets to extract some parts to make the structure clearer. For example, you can transform: <div> <div class="flex justify-end mt-2"> <button onclick={onclose} class="mr-4 px-4 py-1 border border-black hover:bg-gray-100" >Cancel</button > <button onclick={() => emitRename()} disabled={!canRename} class="px-4 py-1 border border-black hover:bg-gray-50 disabled:text-gray-400 disabled:border-gray-400 disabled:bg-white default:bg-slate-700" >Rename</button > </div> into: {#snippet buttonCancel()} <button onclick={onclose} class="mr-4 px-4 py-1 border border-black hover:bg-gray-100" >Cancel</button > {/snippet} {#snippet buttonRename()}...{/snippet} To make this easier to read: <div> <div class="flex justify-end mt-2"> {@render buttonCancel()} {@render buttonRename()} </div> </div> snippets replace default <slot/> In Svelte 4, if you wanted place some HTML inside the component, you used <slot />. Let’s say you have Overlay.svelte component used like this: <Overlay> <MyDialog></MyDialog> </Overlay> In Svelte 4, you would use <slot /> to render children: <div class="overlay-wrapper"> <slot /> </div> <slot /> would be replaced with <MyDialog></MyDialog>. In Svelte 5 <MyDialog></MyDialog> is passed to Overlay.svelte as children property so you would change Overlay.svelte to: <script> let { children } = $props(); </script> <div class="overlay-wrapper"> {@render children()} </div> children property is created by Svelte compiler so you should avoid naming your own props children. snippets replace named slots A component can have a default slot for rendering children and additional named slots. In Svelte 5 instead of named slots you pass snippets as props. An example of Dialog.svelte: <script> let { title, children } = $props(); </script> <div class="dialog"> <div class="title"> {@render title()} </div> {@render children()} </div> And use: {#snippet title()} <div class="fancy-title">My fancy title</div> {/snippet} <Dialog title={title}> <div>Body of the dialog</div> </Dialog> passing snippets as implicit props You can pass title snippet prop implicitly: <Dialog> {#snippet title()} <div class="fancy-title">My fancy title</div> {/snippet} <div>Body of the dialog</div> </Dialog> Because {snippet title()} is a child or <Dialog>, we don’t have to pass it as explicit title={title} prop. The compiler does it for us. snippets to reduce repetition Here’s part of how I render https://tools.arslexis.io/ {#snippet row(name, url, desc)} <tr> <td class="text-left align-top" ><a class="font-semibold whitespace-nowrap" href={url}>{name}</a> </td> <td class="pl-4 align-top">{@html desc}</td> </tr> {/snippet} {@render row("unzip", "/unzip/", "unzip a file in the browser")} {@render row("wc", "/wc/", "like <tt>wc</tt>, but in the browser")} It saves me copy & paste of the same HTML and makes the structure more readable. snippets for recursive rendering Sometimes you need to render a recursive structure, like nested menus or file tree. In Svelte 4 you could use <svelte:self> but the downside of that is that you create multiple instances of the component. That means that the state is also split among multiple instances. That makes it harder to implement functionality that requires a global view of the structure, like keyboard navigation. With snippets you can render things recursively in a single instance of the component. I used it to implement nested context menus. snippets to customize rendering Let’s say you’re building a Menu component. Each menu item is a <div> with some non-trivial children. To allow the client of Menu customize how items are rendered, you could provide props for things like colors, padding etc. or you could allow ultimate flexibility by accepting an optional menuitem prop that is a snippet that renders the item. You can think of it as a headless UI i.e. you provide the necessary structure and difficult logic like keyboard navigation etc. and allow the client lots of control over how things are rendered. snippets for library of icons Before snippets every SVG Icon I used was a Svelte component. Many icons means many files. Now I have a single Icons.svelte file, like: <script module> export { IconMenu, IconSettings }; </script> {#snippet IconMenu(arg1, arg2, ...)} <svg>... icon svg</svg> {/snippet}} {#snippet IconSettings()} <svg>... icon svg</svg> {/snippet}}

yesterday 2 votes
Logical Quantifiers in Software

I realize that for all I've talked about Logic for Programmers in this newsletter, I never once explained basic logical quantifiers. They're both simple and incredibly useful, so let's do that this week! Sets and quantifiers A set is a collection of unordered, unique elements. {1, 2, 3, …} is a set, as are "every programming language", "every programming language's Wikipedia page", and "every function ever defined in any programming language's standard library". You can put whatever you want in a set, with some very specific limitations to avoid certain paradoxes.2 Once we have a set, we can ask "is something true for all elements of the set" and "is something true for at least one element of the set?" IE, is it true that every programming language has a set collection type in the core language? We would write it like this: # all of them all l in ProgrammingLanguages: HasSetType(l) # at least one some l in ProgrammingLanguages: HasSetType(l) This is the notation I use in the book because it's easy to read, type, and search for. Mathematicians historically had a few different formats; the one I grew up with was ∀x ∈ set: P(x) to mean all x in set, and ∃ to mean some. I use these when writing for just myself, but find them confusing to programmers when communicating. "All" and "some" are respectively referred to as "universal" and "existential" quantifiers. Some cool properties We can simplify expressions with quantifiers, in the same way that we can simplify !(x && y) to !x || !y. First of all, quantifiers are commutative with themselves. some x: some y: P(x,y) is the same as some y: some x: P(x, y). For this reason we can write some x, y: P(x,y) as shorthand. We can even do this when quantifying over different sets, writing some x, x' in X, y in Y instead of some x, x' in X: some y in Y. We can not do this with "alternating quantifiers": all p in Person: some m in Person: Mother(m, p) says that every person has a mother. some m in Person: all p in Person: Mother(m, p) says that someone is every person's mother. Second, existentials distribute over || while universals distribute over &&. "There is some url which returns a 403 or 404" is the same as "there is some url which returns a 403 or some url that returns a 404", and "all PRs pass the linter and the test suites" is the same as "all PRs pass the linter and all PRs pass the test suites". Finally, some and all are duals: some x: P(x) == !(all x: !P(x)), and vice-versa. Intuitively: if some file is malicious, it's not true that all files are benign. All these rules together mean we can manipulate quantifiers almost as easily as we can manipulate regular booleans, putting them in whatever form is easiest to use in programming. Speaking of which, how do we use this in in programming? How we use this in programming First of all, people clearly have a need for directly using quantifiers in code. If we have something of the form: for x in list: if P(x): return true return false That's just some x in list: P(x). And this is a prevalent pattern, as you can see by using GitHub code search. It finds over 500k examples of this pattern in Python alone! That can be simplified via using the language's built-in quantifiers: the Python would be any(P(x) for x in list). (Note this is not quantifying over sets but iterables. But the idea translates cleanly enough.) More generally, quantifiers are a key way we express higher-level properties of software. What does it mean for a list to be sorted in ascending order? That all i, j in 0..<len(l): if i < j then l[i] <= l[j]. When should a ratchet test fail? When some f in functions - exceptions: Uses(f, bad_function). Should the image classifier work upside down? all i in images: classify(i) == classify(rotate(i, 180)). These are the properties we verify with tests and types and MISU and whatnot;1 it helps to be able to make them explicit! One cool use case that'll be in the book's next version: database invariants are universal statements over the set of all records, like all a in accounts: a.balance > 0. That's enforceable with a CHECK constraint. But what about something like all i, i' in intervals: NoOverlap(i, i')? That isn't covered by CHECK, since it spans two rows. Quantifier duality to the rescue! The invariant is equivalent to !(some i, i' in intervals: Overlap(i, i')), so is preserved if the query SELECT COUNT(*) FROM intervals CROSS JOIN intervals … returns 0 rows. This means we can test it via a database trigger.3 There are a lot more use cases for quantifiers, but this is enough to introduce the ideas! Next week's the one year anniversary of the book entering early access, so I'll be writing a bit about that experience and how the book changed. It's crazy how crude v0.1 was compared to the current version. MISU ("make illegal states unrepresentable") means using data representations that rule out invalid values. For example, if you have a location -> Optional(item) lookup and want to make sure that each item is in exactly one location, consider instead changing the map to item -> location. This is a means of implementing the property all i in item, l, l' in location: if ItemIn(i, l) && l != l' then !ItemIn(i, l'). ↩ Specifically, a set can't be an element of itself, which rules out constructing things like "the set of all sets" or "the set of sets that don't contain themselves". ↩ Though note that when you're inserting or updating an interval, you already have that row's fields in the trigger's NEW keyword. So you can just query !(some i in intervals: Overlap(new, i')), which is more efficient. ↩

2 days ago 5 votes
The missing part of Espressif’s reset circuit

In the previous article, we peeked at the reset circuit of ESP-Prog with an oscilloscope, and reproduced it with basic components. We observed that it did not behave quite as expected. In this article, we’ll look into the missing pieces. An incomplete circuit For a hint, we’ll first look a bit more closely at the … Continue reading The missing part of Espressif’s reset circuit → The post The missing part of Espressif’s reset circuit appeared first on Quentin Santos.

2 days ago 3 votes