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Trump 2.0 Brings Cuts to Cyber, Consumer Protections

from Krebs on Security [alt+shift+b] in technology

One month into his second term, President Trump's actions to shrink the government through mass layoffs, firings and withholding funds allocated by Congress have thrown federal cybersecurity and consumer protection programs into disarray. At the same time, agencies are battling an ongoing effort by the world's richest man to wrest control over their networks and data.
23rd Feb 2025

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FBI Probes Service Selling 153M+ Drivers Licenses

A new identity theft service launched on the dark web this week is selling digital scans of more than 153 million drivers licenses from people in the United States and Canada. Based on interviews with individuals whose licenses are available for purchase on this service, it appears to be siphoning images collected by a widely-used identity verification company based in Louisiana. KrebsOnSecurity also has learned that the New Orleans field office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) today launched an official inquiry into the source of the images. A record available at this identity theft service that includes the drivers license for U.S. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth, who is one of several high-ranking U.S. government officials whose drivers licenses can be found for sale. On Monday, Aug. 31, a source alerted KrebsOnSecurity to a service advertised by a new user on the Russian cybercrime forum Exploit, offering access to digital scans of identity documents on more than 170 million people in North America. The source brought it to my attention because the proprietor of this identity theft service offered my Virginia drivers license as a free sample in their initial sales thread on Exploit. The service, dubbed Nexus, claims to have more than 153 million drivers licenses for people in the United States and Canada, as well as more than 10 million identification cards; more than three million travel documents and/or international IDs; and at least 579,000 medical cards. A quick look around Nexus finds they are likely not exaggerating about that 153 million number: Running a blank search in Nexus (with no search parameters entered) returns approximately 11.5 million pages of results, with roughly 15 results displayed per page. It includes documents from people in both Canada and the United States, but the bulk of these records are on Americans: searching for just Canadian drivers licenses returns approximately 1.1 million results, with the largest concentration from Ontario (473,673 records). Curiously, the identity records include not only drivers licenses but also marijuana dispensary cards. Some of the records list their “source” as “CDL,” presumably short for “commercial drivers license. Other records carry the source notation of “CAC,” which may refer to Common Access Cards, government issued identity cards that grant physical access to government buildings and secure rooms. The people behind Nexus claim the license images are coming from an active breach at “a major identity verification company” whose customers include multiple Fortune 500 companies. The record totals listed by the Nexus identity theft service. The number of drivers license records increased by nearly 400,000 in the span of just 24 hours. “We have been continuously exfiltrating new data for over a year into our private database,” the service enthused in its introductory post on Exploit. “Records are available to preview before purchase with pertinent information redacted. Customer photos are displayed if available.” Indeed, over the past 24 hours, the number of drivers license records listed as available in Nexus has increased by nearly 400,000, suggesting that freshly stolen license data is being harvested and uploaded to this service on a semi-regular basis. The record that features my drivers license includes six image files — three pairs of photos of the license’s front and back — a basic image scan — as well as infrared and ultraviolet versions of the same images. A date and timestamp is appended to each image file, and the timestamp on my license scan corresponds to a date in June 2025 when I took a flight to the midwest United States to attend a family funeral. Some of the 153 million+ license scans — including mine — feature six image files with date and timestamps appended to the filenames. Not all records include photos, and some that do feature photos do not display the associated filenames. Intent on discovering the source of this data, KrebsOnSecurity asked more than a dozen friends and family members for permission to search for their licenses in this service. Each person whose license could be found (nine of them) confirmed having traveled on or very close to the dates in the timestamps attached to their images. It is unclear what timezone these timestamps are in, but from reviewing car rental records shared by several people who helped with this research, it appears the timezone is set to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). At first, I thought the source of the data might have something to do with airports. However, that theory went out the window when it became apparent there were no passports in this data set. Also, only some of those who helped with this research said they showed their drivers license at the airport on the day of their travel. One person whose license was in Nexus hadn’t flown at all recently, but was renting a car from Hertz for several months around the date of their timestamp. Two of those who agreed to help are federal employees who said they shared other forms of government identification when passing through airport security. However, those individuals each said they shared their state-issued drivers licenses later that day when renting vehicles at their respective destinations, and that both rented their cars from Hertz. After finding a note in my calendar for the day of my June 2025 flight reminding me to bring my passport, I remembered that I also never actually shared my drivers license when I went through security at Reagan National Airport on that day because I did not yet have a Real ID, a security-enhanced drivers license that is now required by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) for all domestic travel. Instead, I showed the TSA agent my government-issued U.S. passport. Here’s where it gets interesting: I was able to find my mother’s drivers license in this service as well, and the timestamps for her images are just a few seconds apart from mine. That’s notable because we both handed our licenses to the Hertz rental car representative at the same time. According to my mom, the only place she gave her drivers license to that day was the rental car company, and if memory serves that is also true for me. I don’t recall if the rental car representative inserted our licenses into any kind of machine, but I remember they held onto them for several minutes behind the counter while we were signing various forms. KrebsOnSecurity sought comment from Hertz and will update this story in the event they reply. Zach Edwards is a well-known security and privacy researcher who recently launched a service called DecryptAds to help people better understand how online advertisers are tracking them. A scan of Edwards’s drivers license is available for purchase on this identity theft service, and Edwards said the timestamp on his record corresponds to the middle of a trip last month to Las Vegas for the annual DEFCON security conference. Edwards told KrebsOnSecurity that although he did not rent a car in Vegas, he did hand over his license at the TSA checkpoint, at a marijuana dispensary in Vegas, and at his hotel (the Aria). But he said the only one of those three that for sure scanned his ID in some kind of device was the dispensary. To enter Planet13’s weed dispensary in Las Vegas, one must pass through a red telephone booth. Image: Zach Edwards. Edwards said the dispensary he visited that day was Planet13, a multi-state chain with stores in California, Florida, Illinois and Nevada. In 2022, the New Orleans-based identity provider idscan.net published a press release announcing an exclusive identity verification agreement with Planet13’s dispensaries nationally. IDScan says it processes ID verification for more than 1,000 marijuana dispensaries in 19 U.S. states. The “trust” page of idscan.net states that the company provides identity verification services for numerous big brands, including Hertz, Target, Fedex, Motorola Solutions, the financial services giant Jack Henry, and Caesars Entertainment. And as idscan.net’s own documentation states, the technology scans IDs with both infrared and ultraviolet light. Idscan.net says the company’s systems and technology perform more than 21 million verifications monthly, at more than 20,000 locations around the world. Image: idscan.net. Contacted by KrebsOnSecurity, idscan.net said it was investigating the matter, but the company has not yet shared an official statement or a substantive reply to specific questions sent via email. “At this point I’m not able to share any additional information, but the updates you have provided have been welcome, and helpful to our team’s investigation,” wrote Jillian Kossman, a marketing and operations leader at idscan.net. During the course of my research for this story, word apparently got around to the FBI that I was poking at the apparent source of this new identity theft service’s data. Probably they were tipped off when I shared with a trusted source that Nexus also is selling the drivers license information for the assistant director of the FBI (I did not find FBI Director Kash Patel’s license in Nexus). Earlier this afternoon, I was added to a conference call with a half-dozen FBI agents, including senior leaders from the agency’s cyber division. During that call, the FBI shared that earlier today their New Orleans field office opened an official investigation into an apparent breach involving idscan.net. Edwards said that as more in-person and online experiences require sharing drivers licenses, vendors who collect this sensitive data need to be held to a higher standard. “This episode should further strengthen the resolve for people who are fighting back against online ID schemes which are requiring countless providers to ask for drivers licenses in order to access services under the guise of protecting kids,” Edwards told KrebsOnSecurity. “These systems are putting sensitive data into more and more 3rd party vendors, and we don’t have nearly the oversight to ensure they are safe.” Larry Baldwin is principal intelligence researcher at the cybersecurity firm Cybera. Baldwin said a front and back scan of his drivers license available at Nexus contains timestamps that correspond to the date of a car rental from Hertz on a recent vacation. Baldwin said the Nexus identity theft service presents multiple serious security and privacy threats, noting that state-issued drivers licenses are commonly used as proof of one’s identity when opening new lines of credit. Baldwin said the service could also dangerously expose many people who do not wish to be found but who cannot meaningfully change their appearance (or at least not enough to fool today’s AI-based image matching tools). This category of people, he said, includes those fleeing domestic violence, and even people who have been assigned a whole new life and identity as part of the federal government’s witness protection program, which is generally reserved for criminal defendants in racketeering and conspiracy investigations who agree to cooperate with federal authorities. “Just when it seems like we’re making some headway in improving authentication controls through drivers license verification systems, this happens and the very thing those improvements are dependent on are compromised,” Baldwin said. This is a potentially fast-moving story. Any changes or updates will be noted here along with a timestamp.

1st Sep 2026 • 2 votes
Canadian Man Pleads Guilty in Snowflake Extortions

A 26-year-old Canadian man once described as one of the most consequential cybercrime threat actors of 2024 has pleaded guilty to computer fraud and conspiracy to hack and extort more than 165 organizations that used the cloud data storage provider Snowflake. Connor Riley Moucka, of Kitchener, Ontario, also admitted to stealing call and text history records of more than 100 million AT&T customers. A surveillance photo of Connor Riley Moucka, a.k.a. “Judische” and “Waifu,” dated Oct 21, 2024, 9 days before Moucka’s arrest. This image was included in an affidavit filed by an investigator with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). The U.S. Justice Department said between February and October 2024, Moucka and co-conspirators used stolen login credentials to steal cloud-hosted data belonging to at least 165 customers of a U.S.-based software-as-a-service company. The hackers targeted stolen credentials for Snowflake customer accounts that did not enforce multi-factor authentication, and extorted or attempted to extort a host of well-known companies, including TicketMaster, Lending Tree, Advance Auto Parts and Neiman Marcus. Snowflake responded to the data thefts by increasing password complexity requirements and enforcing multi-factor authentication. Moucka adopted new nicknames frequently — sometimes operating multiple identities concurrently — but two of his best-known monikers were “Judische” and “Waifu.” Judische’s admitted role in the Snowflake data thefts was first documented by KrebsOnSecurity in a September 2024 story about the overlap between Western, English-speaking cybercriminals and extremist groups that harass and extort minors into harming themselves or others. That September 2024 story identified Judische as a software engineer from Ontario who has been involved in numerous data breaches and voice phishing attacks against U.S. companies since at least 2020. A little more than a month later, Canadian authorities arrested Moucka on a provisional warrant from the United States. The government says Moucka and others used their unauthorized access to steal billions of sensitive customer records and download terabytes of information, “including individuals’ non-content call and text history records, banking and other financial information, payroll records, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) registration numbers, driver’s license numbers, passport numbers, social security numbers and other personally identifiable information. They then extorted victims by threatening to publish data online.” Moucka also threatened and harassed government officials and security researchers who were helping to track him down. The Justice Department said the conspirators made over $2.5 million in ransom payments, and that in at least one instance, Moucka re-extorted a victim with threats of further disclosure of the victim’s stolen data. “Moucka used the stolen data of a government officer and members of a then-former government officer’s immediate family in this re-extortion attempt,” reads a statement from the Justice Department. One of Moucka’s admitted co-conspirators is Cameron “Kiberphant0m” Wagenius, a U.S. Army soldier who pleaded guilty in July 2025 to extorting AT&T and Verizon for their customer account data. Less than a month before Wagenius’s arrest, KrebsOnSecurity published a deep dive into Kiberphant0m’s various Telegram and Discord identities over the years, revealing how the owner of the accounts told others they were in the Army and stationed in South Korea. One of several selfies on the Facebook page of Cameron Wagenius. Kiberphant0m also re-extorted victims. Immediately following Moucka’s arrest, Kiberphant0m posted on hacker forums what he claimed were the AT&T call logs for then President-elect Donald Trump and for then Vice President Kamala Harris, as well schematics allegedly stolen from the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). Wagenius is set to be sentenced on September 3, 2026. The government says he faces a maximum penalty of 20 years in prison for conspiracy to commit wire fraud, a maximum penalty of five years in prison for extortion in relation to computer fraud, and a mandatory two-year sentence consecutive to any other prison time for aggravated identity theft. The third alleged co-conspirator is John Erin Binns, 26, an elusive American man who fled the United States after being indicted for his admitted role in a 2021 breach at T-Mobile that exposed the personal information of at least 76 million customers. Sources close to the investigation said Binns, also known as “IRDev” and “IntelSecrets,” was until recently incarcerated in a Turkish prison, but that he has since been released and has resurfaced online. Those sources said Binns also recently obtained Turkish citizenship, and under Turkish law a citizen cannot be extradited to a foreign country. An image of a passport that Binns shared in an email to KrebsOnSecurity in Feb. 2023. Moucka pleaded guilty to four criminal counts, including computer fraud, wire fraud, aggravated identity theft, and conspiracy. He is slated to be sentenced on Oct. 27 and faces a mandatory minimum penalty of two years in prison on the aggravated identity theft count, as well as a maximum penalty of 30 years in prison on the remaining counts. Ultimately, it will be up the federal judge how much time Moucka actually serves for his extensive cybercriminal rap sheet. For an interview with Moucka prior to his arrest and a deeper look at Binns, see our original report on Moucka’s arrest.

6th Aug 2026 • 1 votes
FBI Seizes NetNut Proxy Platform, Popa Botnet

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said today it worked with industry partners to seize hundreds of domains associated with NetNut, a sprawling residential proxy service operated by the publicly-traded Israeli company Alarum Technologies [NASDAQ: ALAR]. The action comes roughly two weeks after KrebsOnSecurity published findings from multiple security firms connecting NetNut to the Popa botnet, a collection of at least two million devices that have been compromised by malicious software with little or no consent from victims. The NetNut homepage today was replaced by this seizure banner from the FBI. On June 19, three different security firms issued similar findings: That NetNut is a residential proxy network which populates a botnet called Popa, and distributes software for devices commonly found in homes, such as smart TVs and streaming boxes. NetNut’s software turns those systems into always-on residential proxy nodes that are rented to others, who predominantly use them to relay abusive and intrusive Internet traffic, such as mass content scraping, advertising fraud, and account takeover activity. Earlier today, NetNut’s homepage was replaced with a seizure notice from the FBI and the Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation division. The seizure notice thanked Google, Lumen, Shadowserver and other industry partners for their help in dismantling hundreds of domains tied to the Popa botnet, which experts say has long been synonymous with NetNut’s residential proxy infrastructure. In a blog post published today, the Google Threat Intelligence Group (GTIG) said NetNut’s proxy network is widely resold and white-labeled by a number of third-party proxy providers, and that its services are heavily sought out by cybercriminals seeking to obfuscate the source of their malicious traffic. The GTIG said that in a single week during June 2026, they observed 316 distinct clusters of threat actors using suspected NetNut exit nodes, including cybercriminal and espionage groups. “These bad actors can use NetNut to mask their origin IP address when accessing victim environments, accessing their own infrastructure, and conducting password spray attacks,” Google’s GTIG wrote. “Furthermore, when a consumer device becomes an exit node, unauthorized network traffic passes through it. This means bad actors can access other private devices on the same home network, effectively exposing them to Internet threats.” Google said it disabled Google accounts and services used by NetNut for malware command and control, and that it shared technical intelligence on NetNut’s software development kits (SDKs) and backend infrastructure with platform providers, law enforcement and research firms. The company also disabled apps known to bundle NetNut’s various SDKs. NetNut parent Alarum Technologies did not respond to requests for comment on today’s takedown. Prior to the publication of our story last month on the company’s apparent connection to the Popa botnet, Alarum disputed the characterization of NetNut as a botnet, and said it reserved the right to sue anyone publishing reports that might besmirch the company’s brand. Benjamin Brundage is founder of the proxy tracking service Synthient, one of the companies that published evidence last month linking the Popa botnet to NetNut and Alarum Technologies. Brundage said the domain seizures appear to have disrupted both the Popa botnet and the NetNut proxy network that rides on top of it. Brundage said NetNut’s apparent demise is likely to be a great disadvantage for the cybercrime community, which was already reeling from legal actions by Google earlier this year that seized infrastructure for NetNut’s biggest competitor — IPIDEA. “I think this takedown is going to have a big impact, because NetNut gained significant popularity after the IPDEA takedown,” he said. “Also NetNut has been incredibly common among resellers, and they were on par with IPIDEA in terms of their daily traffic, quality, size, price per gigabyte, all of it.” NetNut’s infrastructure, in a nutshell. Image: Black Lotus Labs, Lumen. The NetNut and Popa botnet takedown may have another added benefit, Brundage said: Lessening the impact of large distributed denial-of-service botnets that have been built on the backs of poorly configured residential proxy services. In January, Synthient revealed how cybercriminals had built the world’s largest DDoS botnet (Kimwolf) by tunneling through IPIDEA proxy connections into the local networks of TV boxes owners, and infecting other Android-based devices behind the victim’s firewall. While many of the bigger proxy providers took steps to block this activity, resellers of the major proxy networks have been far slower to respond to the threat, Brundage said. “In terms of all these TV box devices getting compromised from the proxy network, it will have an impact on the DDoS botnets out there,” he said. For its part, Google reckons today’s actions have caused “significant degradation to NetNut’s proxy network and its business operations, reducing the available pool of devices for the proxy operator by millions.” But the company warns that proxy networks can rebuild themselves by effectively reselling other proxy services, as IPIDEA has done over the past few months. “Google has high confidence that many popular residential proxy brands are in fact whitelabeling the NetNut botnet,” the GTIG report concludes. “While we expect this disruption to have a larger ripple effect across the residential proxy ecosystem, observations after the disruption of IPIDEA proved that individual networks can appear resilient. What we have observed is that when faced with the degradation of their own botnet, proxy operators begin buying capacity from their competitors, effectively becoming a reseller. We recognize that creating a lasting disruption in this fluid ecosystem means we must scale our efforts to target the infrastructure of several interconnected providers.” As KrebsOnSecurity has warned repeatedly, most of the no-name TV streaming boxes for sale on the major e-commerce websites either come pre-installed with residential proxy software, or require the installation of proxy SDKs in order to use the device for its stated purpose (streaming pirated movies, sporting events and TV shows). Google’s advice here is sound: When it comes to TV boxes, stick to name brands from reputable manufacturers, and then be sparing and judicious with any apps you choose to install. The sketchy TV boxes that are being commandeered by the Popa botnet and other threats all come with or require the user to install unofficial Android operating systems that do not operate within the confines of Google’s Official Play Protect store. Google says consumers can confirm whether or not a device is built with the official Android TV OS and Play Protect certification by following these instructions. Even people without TV streaming boxes can find their smart TVs enrolled in residential proxy networks, just by installing one of thousands of apps available for download on Samsung and LG smart TVs. In a report released last month, the proxy tracking company Spur found 42 percent of apps available for download via the webOS operating system on LG smart TVs include SDKs that turn one’s television into an always-on residential proxy node. More than a quarter of the apps made for Samsung’s Tizen operating system had similar residential proxy components, Spur found. Image: Spur.us.

2nd Jul 2026 • 1 votes
Hackers Used Meta’s AI Support Bot to Seize Instagram Accounts

The Instagram accounts for the Obama White House and the Chief Master Sergeant of the U.S. Space Force were briefly defaced with pro-Iranian images and messages over the weekend, after instructions began circulating on Telegram showing how to trick Meta’s “AI support assistant” bot into resetting account passwords. A screenshot from a video released on Telegram claiming to show how Meta’s AI customer support bot could be tricked into resetting a target’s password. On May 31, word began to spread on several Telegram instant message channels that Meta’s AI bot would happily add an email address to an existing account as part of the bot’s standard password reset flow. A video released on Telegram by pro-Iran hackers claimed to document a remarkably simple exploit that appears to have involved using a VPN connection with an IP address that is in or near the target’s usual hometown, requesting a password reset for the account, and then choosing to chat with Meta’s AI support assistant. From there, the video shows the attacker told the bot to link the account in question to a new email address, after which the bot dutifully sent that address a one-time code that allowed a password reset. The Telegram account that posted the video also linked to screenshots of pro-Iran images, videos and messages that defaced the hacked Instagram accounts, saying hackers had used the exploit to hijack a number of valuable (read: short) Instagram account names that allegedly have a resale value of more than a half million dollars. Meta has not responded to requests for comment on the video’s claims, but the company reportedly did acknowledge the dormant Instagram account for the Obama White House was briefly compromised. The security blog thecybersecguru.com reports that Meta pushed an emergency patch over the weekend, and clarified that no back end database was breached. “Instagram has notoriously poor human support infrastructure,” Cybersecguru wrote. “Recovering a locked account – especially a high-value one can take weeks of back-and-forth with an automated ticketing system. Meta’s solution was to deploy a conversational AI layer to handle common recovery workflows: relinking a lost email address, triggering a password reset, verifying account ownership. The assistant, presumably, was supposed to reduce friction for legitimate users stuck in account-access hell.” Ian Goldin, a threat researcher at Lumen’s Black Lotus Labs, said we’re entering unchartered security territory as more large online platforms start allowing AI chatbots to handle sensitive account recovery requests. Just like human customer support employees can be social engineered into providing unauthorized access to someone’s account, AI bots are equally eager to help and vulnerable to persuasion and trickery, he said. “AI chatbots create interesting new attack surface, and we’re likely going to see a lot more of these kinds of attacks,” Goldin said. Securing your various online accounts means taking full advantage of the most secure form of multi-factor authentication (MFA) offered (such as a passkey or security key). In this case, even using the least robust form of MFA that Instagram offers — a one-time code sent via SMS — likely would have blocked the exploit: The hackers who released the video on Telegram said their exploit failed to work against any accounts that had MFA enabled.

1st Jun 2026 • 1 votes
Canvas Breach Disrupts Schools & Colleges Nationwide

An ongoing data extortion attack targeting the widely-used education technology platform Canvas disrupted classes and coursework at school districts and universities across the United States today, after a cybercrime group defaced the service’s login page with a ransom demand that threatened to leak data from 275 million students and faculty across nearly 9,000 educational institutions. A screenshot shared by a reader showing the extortion message that was shown on the Canvas login page today. Canvas parent firm Instructure [NYSE:INST] responded to today’s defacement attacks by disabling the platform, which is used by thousands of schools, universities and businesses to manage coursework and assignments, and to communicate with students. Instructure acknowledged a data breach earlier this week, after the cybercrime group ShinyHunters claimed responsibility and said they would leak data on tens of millions of students and faculty unless paid a ransom. The stated deadline for payment was initially set at May 6, but it was later pushed back to May 12. In a statement on May 6, Instructure said the investigation so far shows the stolen information includes “certain identifying information of users at affected institutions, such as names, email addresses, and student ID numbers, as well as as messages among users.” The company said it found no evidence the breached data included more sensitive information, such as passwords, dates of birth, government identifiers or financial information. The May 6 update stated that Canvas was fully operational, and that Instructure was not seeing any ongoing unauthorized activity on their platform. “At this stage, we believe the incident has been contained,” Instructure wrote. However, by mid-day on Thursday, May 7, students and faculty at dozens of schools and universities were flooding social media sites with comments saying that a ransom demand from ShinyHunters had replaced the usual Canvas login page. Instructure responded by pulling Canvas offline and replacing the portal with the message, “Canvas is currently undergoing scheduled maintenance. Check back soon.” “We anticipate being up soon, and will provide updates as soon as possible,” reads the current message on Instructure’s status page. While the data stolen by ShinyHunters may or may not contain particularly sensitive information (ShinyHunters claims it includes several billion private messages among students and teachers, as well as names, phone numbers and email addresses), this attack could hardly have come at a worse time for Instructure: Many of the affected schools and universities are in the middle of final exams, and a prolonged outage could be highly damaging for the company. The extortion message that greeted countless Canvas users today advised the affected schools to negotiate their own ransom payments to prevent the publication of their data — regardless of whether Instructure decides to pay. “ShinyHunters has breached Instructure (again),” the extortion message read. “Instead of contacting us to resolve it they ignored us and did some ‘security patches.'” A source close to the investigation who was not authorized to speak to the press told KrebsOnSecurity that a number of universities have already approached the cybercrime group about paying. The same source also pointed out that the ShinyHunters data leak blog no longer lists Instructure among its current extortion victims, and that the samples of data stolen from Canvas customers were removed as well. Data extortion groups like ShinyHunters will typically only remove victims from their leak sites after receiving an extortion payment or after a victim agrees to negotiate. Dipan Mann, founder and CEO of the security firm Cloudskope, slammed Instructure for referring to today’s outage as a “scheduled maintenance” event on its status page. Mann said Shiny Hunters first demonstrated they’d breached Instructure on May 1, prompting Instructure’s Chief Information Security Officer Steve Proud to declare the following day that the incident had been contained. But Mann said today’s attack is at least the third time in the past eight months that Instructure has been breached by ShinyHunters. In a blog post today, Mann noted that in September 2025, ShinyHunters released thousands of internal University of Pennsylvania files — donor records, internal memos, and other confidential materials — through what the Daily Pennsylvanian and other outlets later determined was, in part, a Canvas/Instructure-mediated access path. “Penn was the named victim,” Mann wrote. “Instructure was the mechanism. The incident was treated as a Penn-specific story by most of the national press and quietly handled by Instructure as a customer-specific matter. That framing was wrong then. It is dramatically more wrong in light of the May 2026 events, which now look like the planned escalation of an attack pattern that ShinyHunters had been working against Instructure’s environment for at least eight months prior. The September 2025 Penn breach was the proof of concept. The May 1, 2026 incident was the production run. The May 7, 2026 recompromise was ShinyHunters demonstrating publicly that the May 2 ‘containment’ did not happen.” In February, a ShinyHunters spokesperson told The Daily Pennsylvanian that Penn failed to pay a $1 million ransom demand. On March 5, ShinyHunters published 461 megabytes worth of data stolen from Penn, including thousands of files such as donor records and internal memos. ShinyHunters is a prolific and fluid cybercriminal group that specializes in data theft and extortion. They typically gain access to companies through voice phishing and social engineering attacks that often involve impersonating IT personnel or other trusted members of a targeted organization. Last month, ShinyHunters relieved the home security giant ADT of personal information on 5.5 million customers. The extortion group told BleepingComputer they breached the company by compromising an employee’s Okta single sign-on account in a voice phishing attack that enabled access to ADT’s Salesforce instance. BleepingComputer says ShinyHunters recently has taken credit for a number of extortion attacks against high-profile organizations, including Medtronic, Rockstar Games, McGraw Hill, 7-Eleven and the cruise line operator Carnival. The attack on Canvas customers is just one of several major cybercrime campaigns being launched by ShinyHunters at the moment, said Charles Carmakal, chief technology officer at the Google-owned Mandiant Consulting. Carmakal declined to comment specifically on the Canvas breach, but said “there are multiple concurrent and discreet ShinyHunters intrusion and extortion campaigns happening right now.” Cloudskope’s Mann said what happens next depends largely on whether Instructure’s customers — the universities, K-12 districts, and education ministries paying for Canvas — choose to apply pressure or absorb the breach quietly. “The history of education-vendor incidents suggests the path of least resistance is the second one,” he concluded.

8th May 2026 • 1 votes

More in technology

Inside a 1980s filter chip that uses switched capacitors

Sometimes it's easier to identify an IC with a microscope. While sorting a box of old ICs, CuriousMarc came across some Harris ICs labeled "F1-10-5", a mysterious part number that didn't show up in any databooks. Since unidentifiable ICs are useless, he gave me one to analyze. Conveniently, it was in a ceramic package, so I could open it up with a quick tap from a chisel. Under the microscope, the chip's most striking feature was a grid of square capacitors. With all those capacitors, I guessed that it was a switched-capacitor filter. The die provided another clue: the part number HF-10. With this information, we quickly found that the chip was Harris's version of the standard MF10 switched-capacitor filter chip.1 The Harris integrated circuit, labeled F1-10-5 (or maybe FI-10-5), with a 1985 date code. Photo courtesy of CuriousMarc. Switched-capacitor filters were a popular way to implement analog filters in the 1980s. Rapidly switching capacitors in and out of a circuit enabled the construction of single-chip filters that were easy to use and performed well. The MF10, introduced by National Semiconductor in 1981, provides two flexible filters on a chip; each filter acts as a low-pass filter, band-pass filter, or a high-pass filter. The filter's characteristics are simple to control with a few external resistors. The Harris HF-10 die under the microscope with the main functional blocks labeled. (Click for a larger image.) Since I had the chip under the microscope, I took the opportunity to analyze it more closely. The white lines are the metal wiring that connects the chip's circuitry. Under the metal layer are two layers of polysilicon (reddish) and the underlying silicon (gray). The top and bottom halves of the chip are mostly mirror images, corresponding to the chip's two filters. The distinctive reddish squares in the middle of the chip are 72 tiny capacitors, constructed from polysilicon. Above the capacitors, CMOS switches turn on and off at the clock frequency, switching capacitors in and out of the circuit. Each filter uses three operational amplifiers (op amps), outlined in red. At the right are the three outputs from the three op amps: high pass, band pass, and low pass. The control circuitry is on the left: clock level shifting, clock shaping, frequency ratio handling, startup circuitry, and current sinks to provide fixed currents to other parts of the chip. Around the edges of the silicon die, 20 hair-thin bond wires connect the die to its 20 external pins. The die has some interesting chip art: a Harris logo and an outline of Florida; Harris was headquartered in Melbourne, Florida. The initials on the die are presumably the engineers who designed the chip. Some interesting images from the die. Switched capacitor circuits The filter is based on switched-capacitor circuits. A switched capacitor can replace a resistor in certain circuits, as shown below. The switches are controlled by a clock signal; the switches alternately close in clock phase 1 and phase 2 (ϕ1 and ϕ2). In phase 1, the capacitor is charged to the input voltage. In phase 2, the capacitor passes charge to the output. By rapidly toggling the switches, charge is (almost) steadily passed to the output. The larger the capacitance, the more charge that is passed through. Likewise, a higher frequency passes more charge. It can be shown that the circuit matches a resistor with resistance of 1/(fC): a higher capacitance and frequency correspond to lower resistance. A switched capacitor can replace a resistor. Why would you replace a simple resistor with this complicated switching circuit? In an integrated circuit, resistors are inaccurate and inconveniently large, especially high-value resistors. Replacing a large resistor with a small capacitor saves space on the die. Moreover, it is easy to generate an extremely accurate clock frequency with an inexpensive quartz crystal, making the filter's frequency highly accurate. Finally, the equivalent resistance can be changed simply by changing the clock frequency, making it easy to tune or sweep the filter. On-chip capacitors are fairly inaccurate, with the capacitance typically varying by 20% from chip to chip due to variations in manufacturing conditions. However, this isn't a problem in the MF10 because the circuitry was designed to depend on the ratio between capacitances, which is stable. Specifically, the MF10 uses 72 identical square capacitors, which will have almost identical capacitances. Careful examination shows that some of the capacitors are separate, while others are connected in groups of 8 to form larger capacitors.2 This yields a highly accurate ratio of 8:1 between the grouped capacitors and the individual capacitors, even though the absolute capacitance will vary from chip to chip. Each capacitor is constructed from two layers of polysilicon,3 forming the plates of the capacitor, separated by a thin layer of insulating oxide that acts as the dielectric. I estimate that each capacitor square is 5 picofarads. The grid of capacitors in the MF10. I've added yellow lines to show how the capacitors are grouped. The switches are above and below the capacitors. This chip uses one more trick with switched capacitors: it inverts the voltage while acting as a resistor. In the switched-capacitor circuit below, there are four switches. The capacitor charges to the input voltage during phase 1, the same as before. But duing phase 2, note that the top plate of the capacitor is grounded, while the output comes from the bottom plate. If the capacitor was charged to, say, 1 volt, the top plate is 1 volt above the bottom plate. So if the top plate is grounded, then the bottom plate must be at -1 V. (This is the same idea as a charge pump.) This circuit turns out to yield a more accurate filter because some parasitic capacitances cancel out. By using four switches, the switched capacitor can invert the voltage. The op-amp integrator The heart of most analog circuits is the operational amplifier, or op-amp. An op-amp takes two inputs and amplifies the difference by many orders of magnitude. Normally, an op-amp is configured with negative feedback, which forces the two inputs to be essentially the same. Op-amps are useful not only for amplification, but for filtering, buffering, summing, and other tasks. A basic op-amp integrator. The filter chip uses op-amps as integrators, to integrate an input voltage over time. The circuit above shows a simple op-amp integrator. The input voltage produces a current that flows through the resistor and charges the capacitor, so the capacitor holds the integral of the input voltage over time. You might expect that the left side of the capacitor would become positive as it charges. However, the op-amp's feedback forces both inputs to ground, so instead the right side of the capacitor becomes negative. Thus, the output is the negative integral.4 The MF10 chip uses the circuit above, except the resistor is replaced with a switched capacitor. The capacitor across the op-amp is not switched, but consists of either 8 or 16 capacitors from the capacitor grid. The CMOS switches The CMOS switch is the technology that makes the switched-capacitor filter possible. A CMOS switch has a fairly low resistance (maybe tens of ohms) when closed and an enormously high resistance (hundreds of megohms) when open. This high resistance ensures that the charge doesn't leak out of the capacitors. A CMOS switch is constructed by combining an NMOS transistor and a PMOS transistor. The NMOS transistor and PMOS transistor are opposites. An NMOS transistor is good at pulling the output low, while a PMOS transistor is good at pulling the output high, so in combination they provide an effective switch. An NMOS transistor is turned on by a high voltage on the gate, while a PMOS transistor is turned on by a low voltage on the gate. Thus, a CMOS switch requires two control signals of opposite polarity, which is a minor inconvenience. A CMOS switch. The diagram above shows how a switch is implemented with an NMOS transistor and a PMOS transistor in parallel. When the control line is high, and the inverted control line is low, both transistors turn on, providing a path through the switch circuit. When the control line is low (and the inverted line high), the transistors turn off, opening the switch. The chip uses CMOS switches in pairs, with one switch on and the other off. This forms the equivalent of a toggle switch that connects either A or B to the output. This circuit is simply two CMOS switches, with separate control lines for each switch, as shown below. In the MF10, the switch toggles at the clock frequency. During one clock phase, the switch is connected to A, while the switch is connected to B during the other clock phase. The schematic on the right, below, is the same circuit, but reorganized to match the layout on the die. A double-throw CMOS switch. The photo below shows a CMOS switch on the die, constructed from two PMOS transistors and two NMOS transistors. The four control lines run horizontally in polysilicon, forming a transistor gate where they cross doped silicon. The upper PMOS and NMOS transistors are driven by the clock phase 1 (Φ1) signals, while the lower transistors are driven by the phase 2 signals. CMOS switches on the die. The metal layer was removed to show the transistors. One problem with switched-capacitor filters is that the clock can generate switching noise that appears in the chip's outputs. The MF10 uses several techniques to reduce clock noise. Each set of transistors is surrounded by two isolation rings: one positive and one negative. These block noise from traveling through the silicon substrate. Note that the rings have opposite polarity for the NMOS transistors and the PMOS transistors. The light tan region in the photo above is a second layer of polysilicon. This polysilicon is connected to ground, providing a shield layer over the switching circuits. For the photo above, I removed the metal layer with acid5 to make the transistors more visible. The photo below shows the original die, with the metal layer connecting the transistors. The small black circles are connections between the metal layer and silicon or polysilicon. The same CMOS switches, showing the metal layer. Putting it together: the state variable filter There are many ways of creating a filter. The MF10 chip uses a technique called the state variable filter, invented in 1967. This circuit acts as three filters, with high-pass, band-pass, and low-pass outputs. Moreover, the circuit is flexible since the frequency, the gain, and the filter quality (Q) can be varied independently. It uses three op-amps: one to sum signals and two for integration. By changing how the values are summed, the characteristics of the filters can be changed. The diagram below shows a simplified representation of a state variable filter. The mathematics behind a state variable filter is complicated, so I won't get into it. In short, the signal, the integral, and the double integral form the three state variables that define the state of the system. Simplified diagram of a state variable filter, with two integrators. Inspired by North Coast Synthesis. The block diagram below shows how the filter is represented in the MF10 datasheet.6 The diagram is similar to the diagram above, with three op-amps. However, the summing circuitry has been separated out. Moreover, the feedback paths are not shown explictly. Instead, resistors are connected between the chip's external pins (squares) to configure the filter as desired. The mode switch at the top allows the low-pass feedback to be controlled by an external pin (SA/B). Block diagram of one of the filter sections. Adapted from the datasheet. The schematic below is my reverse-engineered schematic of the filter, as implemented on the chip. It closely matches the block diagram, but fills in the details. In the block diagram, the summing circuit (circle) adds one signal and subtracts two signals. This summing circuit is implemented with the three switched capacitors on the left, which act as summing resistors. Note that one switch is grounded during phase 1, while the others are grounded during phase 2; switching the polarity implements addition versus subtraction. The top sum input is either feedback from the low-pass output or ground, selected by an input pin. A CMOS switch is used here, but the switch is static, not clocked, so it doesn't use protection rings and shielding like the other switches. My reverse-engineered schematic of one of the filters. Click this image (or any other) for a larger version. The integrators have switched capacitors on the inputs, acting as resistors. The integration capacitor is either 8 or 16 "squares" of capacitance, selected by a ratio selection pin. This controls the ratio between the clock frequency and the filter frequency, either 50:1 or 100:1.7 Although the integration capacitors are attached to a CMOS switch, the switch is static, so the capacitors act as regular capacitors, not switched capacitors. The op-amps The op-amps are fairly standard CMOS op-amps, built from about 35 transistors. (You might get a lower count if you try counting the transistors below, since some of the blocks are multiple transistors.) The op-amp transistors are much larger than the CMOS switch transistors (very bottom, center). On the die, each op-amp is split into two parts: the differential amplifier on the left and an additional amplification stage on the right. A large capacitor (pinkish) sits between the halves. My first thought was that this was the integration capacitor, but it is just a frequency compensation capacitor, common in many op-amps to stabilize the output. The op-amps also have large transistors next to the output pins; these transistors are functionally part of the op-amps, but located next to the pins to minimize resistance. One of the chip's op-amps. I removed the metal layer to make the transistors visible. One unusual feature of the op-amps is a low-power mode. Pulling a particular IC pin low causes the chip to stop filtering and enter a low-power mode, reducing power consumption by 70%. This is implemented by shutting down the "current mirror" circuits that provide fixed currents to the op-amps and other parts of the chip. The non-overlapping clock generator The MF10 chip is driven by external clock signals, one for each filter, with the frequency of the filter proportional to the clock frequency. The photo of the CMOS switches earlier showed that the clock drives four control lines for the switches. You might think that two control lines would be sufficient: the clock and the inverted clock. The problem is that it is very important to avoid having both switches closed at the same time, even for a moment, as that will short the inputs and corrupt the signals. Instead, the two switches have separate control lines that enforce a small gap between when one switch opens and the other one closes. This is implemented with the circuit below that takes an input clock signal and produces the four outputs that drive the switches. The circuit to generate non-overlapping clock signals. There is a delay between when gate A or B turns on and when the corresponding output changes. The idea behind the circuit is that a phase is blocked from going high until after the other phase goes low, with a pair of inverters providing additional delay. In more detail, suppose the input clock drops from high to low. Gate A will turn off, causing the phase 1 output (ϕ1) to drop after a few gate delays (A delay). Gate B can't turn on until ϕ1 goes low. After additional gate delays, ϕ2 goes high. The behavior is similar when the input clock goes high. Gate B turns off, causing ϕ2 to go low after a delay. This allows gate A to turn on, turning on ϕ1 after more delay. To summarize, after a phase is turned off, there is a delay before the other phase turns on, so the two phases never overlap. The clock-shaping circuitry is implemented with CMOS logic gates. The photo above shows this circuitry under the microscope, with the metal layer removed. The rectangular blocks are doped silicon that forms transistors. The darker regions on the left are NMOS transistors and the lighter regions on the right are PMOS transistors. A CMOS gate consists of NMOS and PMOS transistors working together. The PMOS transistors are larger because PMOS transistors are slightly less efficient than NMOS transistors. The dark circles are contacts between the silicon and the metal layer on top. The copper-colored lines are not metal but a special type of silicon called polysilicon. When a polysilicon line crosses doped silicon, it forms the gate of a transistor. The pinks and greens are due to thin-film interference from a thin layer of oxide that didn't completely dissolve; the silicon is actually gray. The ternary input A weird feature of the chip is the input pin that selects the ratio between the input clock and the filter frequency. In effect, this is a digital input with three values. Tying the pin to the high supply voltage selects a 50:1 ratio. Tying the pin to the midpoint between the supply voltages selects a 100:1 ratio. Pulling the pin to the low supply voltage stops the filter and puts the chip into a low-power mode.8 To handle the three-level input, the input goes through two separate buffers, one that transitions at a lower voltage and one that transitions at a higher voltage. Thus, the two buffers separate the middle signal level. Each buffer consists of a special inverter feeding into a regular inverter. Before explaining the special inverters, I'll review how a regular CMOS inverter works. A CMOS inverter is constructed from a PMOS transistor and an NMOS transistor. When the input is high, the NMOS transistor turns on and pulls the output to ground. When the input is low, the PMOS transistor turns on and pulls the output high. Thus, the input signal is inverted. A CMOS inverter is constructed from a PMOS transistor and an NMOS transistor. In the die photo, you can see the four PMOS transistors (light gray) and four NMOS transistors (darker), forming four inverters. When a polysilicon line (copper-colored) crosses a doped silicon region, it forms the gate of a transistor. For this picture, I dissolved the metal layer in acid so the transistors are visible. The metal layer connected the transistors to complete the wiring of the inverters: it connects the two "out1" contacts to "in2" and connects the two "out2" contacts to the rest of the chip. For the second buffer, "out3" connects to "in4" and so forth. The four inverters that handle the ternary input. I flipped the image to make the orientation better. In this circuit, the length of the transistor gates is varied to make the inverters activate at different voltage levels. Six of the transistor gates are normal (orange arrows); the PMOS gates are wider (in the vertical direction) than the NMOS gates because PMOS transistors are inherently weaker. However, two of the transistor gates are unusually long (horizontal direction, red), making the transistors weak since the current must travel a longer distance. The inverter on the left has a weak PMOS transistor. If the input is high or low, the inverter will operate normally. But if the input is in the middle, both transistors will partially turn on. Since the PMOS transistor is very weak, the NMOS transistor will "win", pulling the output low. Thus, the leftmost inverter treats a medium-level input as a 1, outputting a 0. The third inverter is the opposite; the NMOS transistor has a long, winding gate, so it is weak. In this case, a medium-level input will partially turn on both transistors, but the PMOS transistor will "win", pulling the output high. To summarize, the two inverters have opposite behavior for a middle-level signal, allowing the three input levels to be distinguished. Since the output from a special inverter may be weak, the output goes to a normal inverter to amplify the signal. Conclusions Like most semiconductor companies, Harris has a complicated history. Harris started way back in 1895 as a printing press company. Harris moved into high technology in the 1950s and 1960s, acquiring various radio and electronics companies. In particular, Harris entered the IC business in 1967, when it acquired Radiation, Inc., renaming it Harris Semiconductor a few years later. (We've encountered some Radiation modules in Apollo systems, but I haven't written about them yet.) Harris got out of the semiconductor business in 1999, spinning off Intersil, which was later acquired by the Japanese semiconductor firm Renesas. In 2019, Harris merged with L3 Technologies to become L3Harris, the eighth-largest defense contractor in the US. As for switched-capacitor filters, they have lost popularity as filtering is now more easily done in the digital domain. Texas Instruments acquired National Semiconductor (and the MF10) in 2011; TI's website shows the MF10 as active but expensive and out of stock, so it's probably no longer being manufactured. State variable filters are still used in the synthesizer world both because of their flexibility and because they provide low-pass, band-pass, and high-pass filters in one unit. For more, follow me on Bluesky (@righto.com), Mastodon (@[email protected]), or RSS. Thanks to CuriousMarc for providing the IC. AI statement: Despite the presence of the em dash, no AI was used in the writing of this article (details). Notes and references Once we found the "HF-10" part number, a search turned up a National Semiconductor databook that confirmed that the Harris HF-10 was a direct replacement for the National Semiconductor MF10. It remains a mystery why the Harris chip is externally labeled "F1-10-5" rather than "HF-10". This format doesn't resemble other Harris part numbers. I would suspect a military part number, but it is completely different from the military formats that I've seen on other chips, such as JM38510 numbers or NSN numbers. ↩ You might wonder why the larger capacitors are formed by connecting eight smaller capacitor squares, rather than making one capacitor that is eight times as big. The reason is to get better matching between the two capacitor sizes. A capacitor that is eight times as large won't have exactly eight times the capacitance due to factors such as the behavior of the electric field around the edge of the capacitor, inaccuracies that may make the capacitor slightly larger or smaller than desired, or etching variability around the edges. By building larger capacitors out of identical smaller capacitors, the values can match very well, up to ±0.01% according to The Art of Analog Layout. (With laser trimming, matching of ±0.001% is possible, but that is much more accuracy than the MF10 required.) ↩ Most chips from this era have a single layer of polysilicon, so I was surprised to find two layers in this chip. I've seen two layers of polysilicon before, in the MK4116 DRAM chip and AMD's LANCE Ethernet chip. In both cases, the second layer of polysilicon was used for storage devices. ↩ A standard op-amp integrator is an inverting integrator, and the output is negative. However, the MF10 uses the four-switch switched capacitor that inverts the input voltage. The two negatives cancel out, so the MF-10's integrator is a non-inverting integrator. See Introducing the MF10: A Versatile Monolithic Active Filter Building Block for details. ↩ To remove the metal layer, I used Whink rust stain remover (1.5-3.5% HF) to remove the oxide layer and hydrochloric acid to dissolve the metal. I applied Whink for 20 minutes and HCl for 16 minutes in total. I alternated each chemical for about 3 minutes each, applying a few drops at a time. I examined the die under the microscope after each application to gauge the progress. I stopped at this point since the metal was removed and the underlying transistors were visible. Moreover, the silicon became differentially stained, with NMOS transistors significantly darker than PMOS transistors. Some more Whink would probably improve the appearance of the die, but the risk is that the polysilicon might get removed, which would be bad for reverse engineering. In other words, I'd rather stop too early than destroy the features that I want to see. ↩ For reference, the full block diagram of the chip is below, from the datasheet. Block diagram of the MF10 from the Texas Instruments datasheet.  ↩ The filter frequency of the MF10 can be set to either the clock frequency divided by 50 or divided by 100. You might wonder where these ratios come from, since the capacitors on the chip are in 8:1 or 16:1 ratios, not 50:1 or 100:1. The formula for a switched-capacitor integrator is that the filter frequency is the clock frequency divided by 2π times the capacitor ratio. (This can be derived from the op-amp integrator formula and the equivalent resistance of a switched capacitor.) It turns out 2π×8 is 50.27 and 2π×16 is 100.5, providing the 50 and 100 values. Note that these values aren't exactly 50 and 100; they are off by 0.5%. Curiously, the datasheet specifies that the typical frequency error is ±0.2%, significantly smaller. I suspect that the explanation is that the capacitor ratio is not precisely 16:1, due to stray capacitance in the wiring and other factors, and the designers ensured that these factors tweaked the ratio in the desired direction. ↩ I suspect that the ternary input pin was used because the chip didn't have enough physical pins for all the functions they wanted. Note that the two filters are entirely independent, even with separate clocks, except for the 50/100 ratio control and the A/B mode control. I'm sure that these two functions would have independent control pins if the chip had pins available. They could have used a standard 24-pin package for the chip rather than the somewhat unusual 20-pin package, but maybe they had a motivation for avoiding a much larger 24-pin package. ↩

21 hours ago • 1 votes
Radxa's Q8B has 2x the performance and expansion of the Pi 5

There was a time I'd look at a board like the Radxa Dragon Q8B (at left, above) and be like, "there's no way I'd spend $209 on an SBC with 8 gigs of RAM". But we're in 2026, and seeing the 8 gig Raspberry Pi 5 going for almost the same amount, I figured I'd give it a shot. On paper, the Q8B beats the Pi 5 in pretty much every way. A lot of that is thanks to this Snapdragon 8cx Gen 3 chip, which is the same chip I tested on Microsoft's Windows Dev Kit 2023.

2 days ago • 1 votes
Three years later

Reflections on October 7th

3 days ago • 1 votes
The Sting

The Sting belongs in the pantheon of films I'm deeply embarrassed to have not watched earlier. Not just because it's a great film — and it is — but because it is so incredibly my shit that I feel retroactively spurned for not having watched it sooner.

3 days ago • 1 votes
It's a Gas!

If everything worked as well as the product called Evapo-Rust, the world would be a much better place. That’s just one of the many lessons learned during my recent — successful! — project to transform my old, nonfunctioning gasoline-powered generator into something much better.

4 days ago • 1 votes
📚 BoredReading

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